The alienation of parents is the process, and the result, the psychological manipulation of a child into showing unwarranted fear, disrespect or hostility towards parents and/or other family members. It is a form of psychological abuse typical of children and family members who are rejected, which occurs almost exclusively in relation to family separation or divorce, especially when legal action is involved. This undermines the core principles of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Most commonly, the main cause is parents who want to exclude other parents from their child's life, but family members or other friends, as well as professionals involved with the family (including psychologists, lawyers and judges), can contribute significantly to the process. This often leads to long-term, or even permanent, the estrangement of a child from one parent and other family members and, as a very detrimental childhood experience, results in a significant increased lifetime risk of mental and physical illness.
Video Parental alienation
Overview
First described in 1976 as "pathological alignment", parental exile refers to situations in which a child unreasonably rejects non-custodial parents. Richard A. Gardner proposed parental alienation syndrome in 1980 based on his clinical experience with children of divorced parents. Alienation of parents does not have a single definition and its existence, cause and characteristics have become the subject of debate. The Gardner syndrome concept has failed to gain acceptance. Several empirical studies have been conducted, although the quality of research varies greatly and research in the area is still evolving.
A literature survey shows that the behaviors that alienate both parents are common in high-conflict divorces. Rejected parents tend to lose warmth and empathy with children. As a result, rejected parents can become passive, depressed, anxious, and withdrawn - a characteristic that may encourage further rejection. Parents who are aligned with children (parallel parents) may engage in alienating behaviors, including weakening other parents. This behavior may be conscious and intentional or may reflect a lack of awareness of the effects of actions on children. Immediate alienating behavior occurs when one parent actively undermines another parent, such as making disparaging statements about another parent, telling the child that the other parent is responsible for separation, or telling the child that the other parent is the cause of financial difficulties. Indirect alienation behavior occurs when one parent fails to support access or contact with another parent or tacitly accepting negative behavior and comments of the child against other parents.
Cause
The causes of alienation can be divided into two broad categories,
- Realistic relief, where substance abuse or substance abuse or harmful parental abuse results in child seclusion; and
- Pathological alienation, in which alienation results from the pathological aspect of a child's family relationship, and not a rational response to the behavior of an elderly parent.
A realistic estrangement is a different phenomenon of "pathological alienation". The first is a rejection that a child can understand to see a cruel parent, while the second is emotionally dangerous and unjustifiable.
Symptoms
Symptoms associated with parental isolation include:
- The child has no attachment to the parent.
- In relationships with exiled parents, children can display greatness, rights, lack of empathy, arrogance, prideful behavior, and fictional belief systems about inadequate or abusive parents.
- The child may be involved in separation, believing that one parent is completely good and the other parent is either bad or both are completely bad.
Maps Parental alienation
Theory
Some researchers emphasize the role of exiled parents, termed "parenting" or "chaotic parents", while other researchers focus on "alienated children", and the dynamics of relationships that contribute to alienation.
In the context of relationship dynamics, alienation is seen as a breakdown of attachments between parents and children that may be caused by various factors. These researchers have proposed a more complex analysis, in which all family members can play a role in seclusion. This "system-based" view recognizes that a child may be alienated from one parent without alienation programming from other parents. The behavior of all family members, including an alienated parent, can lead to family dysfunction and parental rejection. Under this approach, when a child is estranged from a parent, it is necessary to evaluate all contributing factors and all possible solutions for estrangement.
Motivation
In a conception of parental isolation, encouraged by specific parents, parents who experience feelings of inadequacy or abandonment in childhood can have feelings triggered by divorce or separation. In response, the parent can revive a false narrative related to their own childhood, where the other child's parent represents an unworthy or abusive parent, the child represents the victim of another parent, and the parent who uses the practice of parenting the dangerous symbolizes a good parent with a mock. trying to protect their child. The role of observers such as friends, therapists, and judges is to confirm delusions for parents, who have been partially confirmed by those acting like victims. However, in reality, other parents are inadequate or abusive; on the contrary, parents who use harmful parenting practices are rude. Consequently, parents who fear deficiencies or neglect can project their fears to other parents because "all can clearly see" that other parents are rejected and abandoned by children and who are "inadequate".
Parents who use dangerous parenting practices may suffer from a threshold personality disorder or narcissistic personality disorder, due to experience of feeling inadequate or being left out when growing up. These feelings can be triggered back by divorce or separation, causing them to decompensate into delusions of persecution. These parents may believe that they do not have to follow social norms about justice, and they may "get used to their own children", "excessively bind their children to themselves," "demands absolute, unlimited control over their children while threatening rejection, "projects their own fears about other parents, leaving their spouses for their children, and reviving their own childhood traumas after a difficult experience.
Mechanism
Malicious parenting techniques may be subtle and "authentic". Parents can triangulate children into marital conflicts by encouraging children to make small complaints about other parents and then "enthusiastically validating" them. It signals the child that other parents are dangerous and insensitive. The urge to complain manipulates the child into the role of the victim without the consciousness of the child, allowing parents to move into protective roles, forcing other parents into an "inadequate" parental role, and leaving no trace of what happens to the observer who only sees children act as "victims". Over time, the combined effect of getting closer to alienated parents through this complaint process and progressing further than rejected parents as a result of focusing on negative things about other parents causes the child to reject their other parents as not adequate.
Parents can also mix lies, partial lies, and exaggerations, especially those that can not be verified by the child or where only the real part of a verifiable partial lie. As a result of being encouraged to act as judges of their rejected parents, the child then feels superior to their rejected parents, leading to symptoms of procrastination, rights, and arrogant pride. It feeds parents' fantasies, that they protect children from inadequate parents. The boy then begins to adopt this fantasy as well.
Because children and parents come from different generations, this qualifies as an evil triangle, more complicated by separation, and makes even worse because members of the evil triangle have personality disorders, reaching climax by the dynamics of separation from parents with personality disorders. which requires ex-spouse to also be a former parent of the child. Finally, the child may misinterpret the sadness they experience from the loss of the parent as a pain which means the rejected parent is rude, because they mainly experience it in the presence of rejected parents.
Treatment
The success of restoring child attachment to their parents depends on the child's first protection from dangerous care. A study shows that children do not experience this protection as traumatic.
According to one theory, when alienation symptoms are present, structured interventions tend to be more effective than traditional counseling. Structured interventions include:
- develop critical thinking to overcome rejection and dynamics of enmeshment
- reset the child's position in the family hierarchy
- handle family system
- protects the child from the poor parenting practices of the entangled parent.
Proponents of structured intervention argue that traditional counseling, based on therapeutic alliances, is susceptible to:
- delays from lack of milestones and schedules
- sabotage by interested parents makes it fail
- an exclusive focus on children's feelings and complaints to the exclusion of family system addressing
- Ineffective parents apologize for false, exaggerated, or distorted complaints.
Another approach
Some have discussed different approaches to severe cases that define a set of psychological symptoms in a child and propose a psychological explanation of how those symptoms are caused by dangerous parenting practices and why parents will use these parenting practices. In this approach, this phenomenon is seen only as a combination of psychological problems, which each psychologist understands and recognizes. According to this theoretical formulation, "the pathology traditionally called 'parent's exile' is a manifestation of an existing form of pathology."
Reception professional
The history of parental alienation reflects the evolution of its acceptance by professionals involved in cases of detention. A 2009 survey of mental health and legal professionals found widespread skepticism of the concept of parental alienation syndrome, and caution in relation to the concept of alienation of parents.
Professional mental health
Mental health professionals are reluctant to recognize the so-called parental alienation syndrome. In the past, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association have had a neutral view of the alienation of parents as different syndromes.
To anticipate the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, released in 2013, William Bernet argues for the inclusion of parental alienation disorder , the diagnosis associated with parental seclusion. His conception refers to parental isolation and other behavioral descriptions which he believes represent the concept underlying parental seclusion. Although lobbied by supporters, in December 2012, the proposal was rejected.
Some argue that the parental exile element is covered in DSM-5 under the diagnosis: "Parent-Child Relations Problems." For example, the perception of a child from an estranged parent "may include negative attribution of someone else's intentions, hostility towards or scapegoating others (parents), and unreasonable feelings of dissatisfaction."
Court
In a survey of the Family Association and Conciliation Court in 2010, 98% of 300 respondents agreed with the question, "Do you think that some children are being manipulated by one parent to irrationally and unfairly reject other parents?". However, the alienation of parents does not refer to the act of manipulation, but rather to the child's rejection of the parent resulting from the alienating behavior.
Some courts recognize the alienation of parents as a form of child abuse with long-term effects and serious outcomes for children. Some jurisdictions, including Brazil and Mexico, have enforced the alienation of parents as a crime. Other jurisdictions may suspend child support in cases where parental exile occurs. For example, in New York, in Robert Coull's material v. Pamela Rottman , No. 2014-01516, 2015 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 6611 (2 September 2015), in which the father is forbidden to see his son by the mother of the child through a "pattern of alienation", the child's allowance is suspended. Several US courts have also sought to address this issue through mandated reunification therapy; but no federal or state laws governing parental exile currently in the United States Due to the alleged nature of alienation of parents, many courts require qualified expert witnesses to support alleged parental exile or in association with allegations that parents have a mental health disorder.
While the state has widely rejected the parental alienation syndrome as a concept that can be presented in child custody cases, it remains possible to state that alienation of parents has occurred, and to show how the alienating behavior of parents should be considered by the court when evaluating the custody of the case. Behavior that results in alienation of parents may reflect other mental health disorders, both on the part of the alienating parent and the alienated parent, who may be relevant to the determination of custody. The behavior of an alienated child can also be a relevant factor.
See also
References
Further reading
- Adult Children Alienation Syndrome Parents: Breaking Binding Relationships by Amy J. L. Baker
- Brainwashing Children by John Thomas Steinbeck (2011)
- Parenting with Toxic Ex: What To Do When Your Spouse Is Trying to Change Kids Against You (2014) by Amy J. L. Baker and Paul R Fine
- Divorce Toxins: How to Protect Your Family from Bad-mouthing and Brainwashing , by Richard Warshak (2010, latest edition)
- Parental Alienation, DSM-5, and ICD-11 , by William Bernet (Author, Editor) (2010)
- Attachment-Based Alienation Model: Foundation , by Craig Childress, (2015)
External links
- Parental alienation in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Parenting Studies Group
- National Coalition Against Alienate Parents
- Foreign Parent Awareness Association
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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