The 1964 presidential election was a presidential election of forty-four years. It was held on Tuesday, November 3, 1964. The then Democratic president, Lyndon B. Johnson, defeated Barry Goldwater, a Republican candidate. With 61.1% of popular votes, Johnson won the highest share of popular voting from any candidate since the inconclusive 1820 election.
Johnson came to the office in November 1963 following the assassination of his predecessor, John F. Kennedy. He easily defeated major challenges by segregation governor George Wallace of Alabama to win the nomination for the full term. At the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Johnson also won the nomination of his preferred colleague, Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, the leader of his party's conservative faction, defeated moderate governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York and Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania at the Republican National Convention of 1964.
Johnson championed the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and his campaign advocated a series of anti-poverty programs collectively known as the Great Society. Goldwater embraced a small government philosophy, low taxation, and he opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Democrats managed to portray Goldwater as a dangerous extremist, best known in television commercials "Daisy". Republicans are badly divided between the moderate and conservative factions, with Rockefeller and other moderate party leaders refusing to campaign for Goldwater. Johnson led by a wide margin in all polls conducted during the campaign.
Johnson brought in 44 states and the District of Columbia, who voted for the first time in this election. Goldwater won their home country and swept the Deep South states, most of whom have not voted for Republican presidential candidates since the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Johnson's landslide victory coincided with the defeat of many conservative Republican congressmen, and the next 89. Congress will pass a major law such as the Social Security Amendment of 1965 and the Right of Select Act. Goldwater's unsuccessful bid affects the modern conservative movement and long-term restructuring within the Republican Party, culminating in the 1980 presidential victory of Ronald Reagan.
Video United States presidential election, 1964
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy
While on the first campaign swing of his re-election attempt, President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. Supporters were shocked and saddened by the loss of a charismatic President, while opposition candidates were placed in an awkward position against the policies of a murdered political figure.
During the next mourning period, Republican leaders called for a political moratorium, so as not to appear impolite. Thus, a bit of politicking was done by candidates from one of the major parties until January 1964, when the main season officially began. At the time, most political experts saw Kennedy's killing as leaving the country politically agitated.
Maps United States presidential election, 1964
Nominated
Democrats
Candidate
The only other candidate to campaign actively was Alabama Governor, George Wallace, who ran in a number of northern preliminaries, although his nomination was more to promote the philosophy of state rights among the northern audiences; while expecting support from delegates in the South, Wallace believes he is not competing for a Democratic nomination. Johnson received 1,106,999 votes in the primaries.
At a national service, the Mississippi Integrated Democrats Party (MFDP) claims seats for delegates to Mississippi, not on the basis of Party regulations, but because the official Mississippi delegation has been chosen by the white primary system. National party liberal leaders favored the allocation of seats evenly between two Mississippi delegates; Johnson is concerned that, while the regular Democrats of Mississippi will probably pick Goldwater anyway, they will refuse to lose him South. Finally, Hubert Humphrey, Walter Reuther and black civil rights leaders including Roy Wilkins, Martin Luther King Jr., and Bayard Rustin made compromises: the MFDP took two seats; regular delegates of Mississippi had to promise to support party tickets; and no future Democratic conventions will receive delegates chosen by a discriminatory poll. Joseph L. Rauh Jr., MFDP lawyer, initially refused this deal, but they finally took their seats. Many white delegates from Mississippi and Alabama refused to sign any pledge, and abandoned the convention; and many young civil rights workers are offended by any compromise. Biographers Johnson Rowland Evans and Robert Novak claim that the MFDP falls under the influence of "black radicals" and refuse their seats. Johnson lost Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina.
Johnson also faces problems from Robert F. Kennedy, the younger brother of President Kennedy and the US Attorney General. The relationship between Kennedy and Johnson has been problematic since Robert Kennedy was a Senate staffer. The Majority Leader, Johnson, suspects that Kennedy's hostility is a direct result of the fact that Johnson often tells the story of the humiliation of Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy, ambassador to the British Empire. According to his count, Johnson and President Franklin D. Roosevelt misled the ambassador, on a return visit to the United States, to believe that Roosevelt wanted to meet in Washington for a friendly purpose; Roosevelt actually plans to - and do - fire the ambassador, due to the views of the published ambassador. The Johnson-Kennedy enmity was co-hosted in the 1960 preliminary elections and the 1960 Democratic National Convention, when Robert Kennedy had tried to prevent Johnson from becoming his brother's future partner, a very painful move for the two men.
In early 1964, despite his personal hostility to the president, Kennedy had tried to force Johnson to accept him as his partner. Johnson eliminated this threat by announcing that no member of his cabinet would be considered for second place on Democratic tickets. Johnson also became concerned that Kennedy might use a speech scheduled for the 1964 Convention to create emotion among delegates to make him a Johnson partner; he prevented this from deliberately scheduling Kennedy's speech on the last day of the convention, after his partner had been elected. Shortly after the 1964 Democratic Convention, Kennedy decided to leave the Johnson cabinet and run for the US Senate in New York; he won the election in November. Johnson selected Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota, a civil and liberal rights activist, as his partner.
Republicans
Candidate
The primary
The Republican Party (GOP) was divided up in 1964 between conservative and moderate liberal factions. Former Vice President Richard Nixon, who was beaten by Kennedy in a very close presidential election in 1960, decided not to run. Nixon, a moderate with ties to the two GOP wings, had been able to unify the factions in 1960; in the absence of a clear path for both factions to engage in an all-out political civil war for nominations. Barry Goldwater, a Senator from Arizona, is a conservative champion. The conservatives are historically based in the Midwest of America, but from the 1950s conservatives began to rule in the South and the West. Conservatives prefer the low-tax federal government, which supports individual rights and business interests and opposes social welfare programs. The conservatives also hate the dominance of the moderate wing of the GOP, based in Northeastern United States. Since 1940, Eastern moderates have defeated conservative presidential candidates at the Republican national convention. Conservatives believe the Eastern moderates differ slightly from the liberal Democrats in their philosophy and approach to government. Goldwater's enemy leader for Republican nomination is Nelson Rockefeller, New York Governor and longtime leader of the liberal-moderate GOP faction.
Initially, Rockefeller is considered a front runner, in front of Goldwater. However, in 1963, two years after Rockefeller's divorce from his first wife, he married Margarita "Happy" Murphy, who was nearly 18 years younger than he and had just divorced her husband and handed her four children into custody. The fact that Murphy suddenly divorced her husband before marrying Rockefeller caused a rumor that Rockefeller had an affair with him. This infuriates many conservative social and female voters within the GOP, many of whom call Rockefeller a "wife thief". After the marriage, Rockefeller's leader among Republicans lost 20 points overnight. Senator Prescott Bush of Connecticut, father of President George H.W. Bush and grandfather of President George W. Bush, is one of Rockefeller's critics on the matter: "Have we reached the point in our lives as a nation where the governor of a great state - a person who may aspire for a nomination for president of the United States - can leave a good wife, the mother of her adult children, divorce her, then persuade the young mother of four young people to leave her husband and their four children and marry the governor? "
In the first primary, in New Hampshire, both Rockefeller and Goldwater were considered favorites, but voters gave a surprise victory to the US ambassador to South Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the Nixon couple in 1960 and former Massachusetts Senator. Lodge is a writing candidate. He went on to win the preliminaries of Massachusetts and New Jersey before withdrawing his candidacy because he finally decided he did not want a Republican nomination.
Despite his defeat in New Hampshire, Goldwater pressed, winning Illinois, Texas, and the Indiana introduction with a bit of opposition, and the primary Nebraska after the powerful challenge of the Nixon-draft movement. Goldwater also won a number of state caucuses and gathered more delegates. Meanwhile, Nelson Rockefeller won the preliminary election of West Virginia and Oregon against Goldwater, and William Scranton won in the state of Pennsylvania. Both Rockefeller and Scranton also won several state caucuses, mostly in the Northeast.
The final fight between Goldwater and Rockefeller is in primary California. Despite previous allegations about her marriage, Rockefeller leads Goldwater in most polls in California, and she looks to victory when her new wife gives birth to a son, Nelson Rockefeller Jr., three days before the first day. The birth of his son brought the issue of adultery in front and center, and Rockefeller suddenly lost his place at the polls. Goldwater won a primer with a narrow 51-49% margin, eliminating Rockefeller as a serious competitor and all but nominating. With Rockefeller elimination, the moderate and liberal parties turned William Scranton, Governor of Pennsylvania, in the hope that he could stop Goldwater. However, as the Republican Convention began, Goldwater was seen as a heavy favorite to win the nomination.
Total votes are popular
- Barry Goldwater - 2,267,079 (38.33%)
- Nelson A. Rockefeller - 1,304,204 (22.05%)
- James A. Rhodes - 615,754 (10.41%)
- Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. - 386.661 (6.54%)
- John W. Byrnes - 299,612 (5.07%)
- William W. Scranton - 245,401 (4.15%)
- Margaret Chase Smith - 227,007 (3,84%)
- Richard Nixon - 197.212 (3.33%)
- Not selected - 173.652 (2.94%)
- Harold Stassen - 114.083 (1.93%)
- More - 58.933 (0.99%)
- Lyndon Johnson (write) - 23.406 (0.40%)
- George Romney - 1,955 (0.03%)
Convention
The 1964 Republican National Convention in Daly City, the California Cow Palace arena is one of the bitterest in record, as moderate and conservative parties openly declare their contempt for each other. Rockefeller was loudly derided when he came to the podium for his speech; in his speech, he criticized the conservative party, which caused many conservatives in the gallery to shout and scream at him. A moderate group tried to support Scranton to stop Goldwater, but Goldwater's troops easily got rid of the challenge, and Goldwater was nominated for the first vote. The presidential calculation is as follows:
- Barry Goldwater 883
- William Scranton 214
- Nelson Rockefeller 114
- George Romney 41
- Margaret Chase Smith 27
- Walter Judd 22
- Hiram Fong 5
- Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2
The nomination of the vice president goes to the lesser-known Republican Chairman William E. Miller, a Representative from upstate New York. Goldwater declared that he chose Miller simply because "he pushed [President] Johnson beans".
In accepting his nomination, Goldwater pronounces his most famous expression (excerpt from Cicero suggested by speech writer Harry Jaffa): "I will remind you that extremism in defense of freedom makes no difference, and let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice does not exist virtue. "For many moderate GOPs, Goldwater's speech is seen as a deliberate humiliation, and many of these moderates will defect to the Democrats in the autumn elections.
General selection
Campaign
Although Goldwater has been successful in rallying conservatives, he can not expand his support base for elections. Shortly before the Republican Convention, he had alienated moderate Republicans by voting against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which Johnson fought for and signed the law. Goldwater said that he considered desegregation as a matter of state rights, not a national policy, and believed that the 1964 action was unconstitutional. Goldwater's vote against the law caused the African-Americans to be very supportive of Johnson. Goldwater had previously voted in favor of Civil Rights acts in 1957 and 1960, but only after proposing a "restrictive change" to them. Goldwater is notorious for talking "off-the-cuff" at times, and many of the previous statements were given wide publicity by Democrats. In the early 1960s, Goldwater had called Eisenhower's administration a "New Deal", and the former president never fully forgave him or offered his full support in the election.
In December 1961, he told a press conference that "sometimes I think this country would be better if we could only see from the East Coast and let it drift into the sea", a statement that shows its dislike for liberal economic and social policies that often linked to that part of the country. The comments haunt him again, in the form of Johnson television commercials, as well as statements about making Social Security volunteer and selling Tennessee Valley Authority. In his most famous oral error, Goldwater once joked that the US military must "throw a nuclear bomb into the men's room of the Kremlin" in the Soviet Union.
Goldwater was also hurt by the reluctance of many prominent moderate Republicans to support it. Gov. Nelson Rockefeller of New York and George Romney of Michigan refused to support Goldwater and did not campaign for him. On the other hand, former Vice President Richard Nixon and Scranton Governor of Pennsylvania faithfully support GOP tickets and campaign for Goldwater, although Nixon does not fully agree with Goldwater's political stance and says that it would "be a tragedy" if the Goldwater platform is not "challenged and rejected "by the Republicans. The New York Herald-Tribune , a vote for the Eastern Republic (and a target for Goldwater activists during the primaries), supports Johnson in the election. Some moderates even form the "Republican for Johnson" organization, although the most prominent GOP politicians avoid being associated with it.
Shortly before the Republican convention, CBS reporter Daniel Schorr wrote from Germany that "It seems that Senator Goldwater, if nominated, will start his campaign here in Bavaria, the center of the right wing of Germany" and "Hitler's ground" and find that Goldwater will speak to the " the right wing of Germany "that unites extremists in both countries. Actually, no meetings or trips are planned.
Fact publishes a nationwide polling psychiatry article on Goldwater sanity. Some 1,189 psychiatrists agree that Goldwater is "emotionally unstable" and unfit for office, even though no member actually interviews him. This article received great publicity and resulted in changes to the American Psychiatric Association's ethical guidelines. In a libel suit, a federal court awarded Goldwater $ 1 in compensation compensation and $ 75,000 in damages.
Eisenhower's strong support could be an asset to the Goldwater campaign, but his absence is clearly noticed. When asked about the presidency of the former president's brother, university administrator Milton S. Eisenhower, in July 1964, Goldwater replied, "One Eisenhower in one generation is enough." However, Eisenhower did not openly reject Goldwater and make a television commercial for the Goldwater campaign. The leading Hollywood celebrity who vigorously supports Goldwater is Ronald Reagan. Reagan gave a speech broadcast on television that supported Goldwater; it's so popular that Goldwater advisors play it on local television stations across the country. Many historians consider this speech - "A Time for Choosing" - to mark the beginning of Reagan's transformation from an actor to a political leader. In 1966, Reagan would be elected Governor of California in a landslide.
Ads and slogans
Johnson positioned himself as a moderate and managed to portray Goldwater as an extremist. Goldwater has a habit of making dull statements about war, nuclear weapons, and the economy that can turn against it. Most notably, Johnson's campaign airs a television commercial on September 7, dubbed the ad "Daisy Girl," featuring a little girl who takes a petal from a daisy in a field, counting petals, which then connects to a countdown of launch and nuclear explosions. The ads were in response to Goldwater's advocacy of "tactical" nuclear weapons use in Vietnam. The confessions of a Republican, another Johnson ad, featured a monologue from a man who told us that he had previously chosen Eisenhower and Nixon, but now worries about "men with weird ideas", "weird groups" and "Ku Klux Klan head" which supports Goldwater; he concluded that "they are not Republicans, or I am not". Voters increasingly see Goldwater as a right-wing marginist. His slogan "In your heart, you know he's right" has been parodied by Johnson's campaign to "In your courage, you know he's crazy", or "In your heart, you know he might" (as in "he might push the nuclear button"), or even "In your heart, he's too far right". Some cynics use buttons that say "Even Johnson is better than Goldwater!"
The greatest concern of Johnson's campaign may be the satisfaction of voters that leads to low turnout in major countries. To counter this, all Johnson's broadcast advertisements close with the line: "Choose President Johnson on November 3. The stakes are too high for you to stay home." The Democratic campaign uses two other slogans, "Along the way with LBJ" and "LBJ for the US".
The election campaign was disrupted for a week by the death of former president Herbert Hoover on October 20, 1964, as it was considered rude to campaign during the period of mourning. Hoover died of natural causes. He was the US president from 1929 to 1933. The two main candidates attended his funeral.
Johnson leads in all polls with large margins across campaigns.
Results
The election was held on November 3, 1964. Johnson defeated Goldwater in an election, winning over 61% of popular votes, the highest percentage since the popular vote first broke out in 1824. In the end, Goldwater won only his native Arizona and five Deep South states - Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina - increasingly alienated by the Democratic civil rights policy. This is the best show in the South for Republican candidates since Reconstruction.
The five Southern states that chose Goldwater swung dramatically to support it. For example, in Mississippi, where Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won 97% of the popular vote in 1936, Goldwater won 87% of the vote. Among these countries, Louisiana is the only state the Republic has ever won since the Reconstruction. Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina have not voted Republican in presidential elections since the Reconstruction, while Georgia never voted for the Republic even during Reconstruction (thus making the first Goldwater Republic to ever bring Georgia).
The 1964 election was a major transition point for the South, and an important step in the process by which the former Democrat "Solid South" became a Republican fortress. Nevertheless, Johnson still managed to acquire a popular majority of 51-49% (6,307 to 5,993 million) in eleven Confederate states. In contrast, Johnson was the first Democrat to ever bring the Vermont state in the presidential election, and only the second Democrat, after Woodrow Wilson in 1912 when the Republicans were divided, to bring Maine in the twentieth century. Maine and Vermont are the only countries that FDR failed to have during one of the four successful presidential candidates.
Of the 3,126 independent districts/cities that resulted in returns, Johnson won at 2,275 (72.77%) while Goldwater led 826 (26.42%). Unpledged Electors carry six districts in Alabama (0.19%).
Johnson landslide defeated many conservative congressmen, giving him a majority who can overcome a conservative coalition.
This is the first election to have the participation of the District of Columbia under the 23rd Amendment of the US Constitution.
Johnson's campaign broke two records of American elections previously held by Franklin Roosevelt: the Electoral College electoral number won by a major party candidate running for the White House for the first time (with 486 to 472 won by Roosevelt in 1932) and the largest part of the vote popular under the current Democratic/Republican competition (Roosevelt won 60.8% nationally, Johnson 61.1%). The number of first-time voters was surpassed when Ronald Reagan won 489 votes in 1980. Johnson maintained the highest percentage of popular votes in the 2016 election.
Source (Popular Sound): Leip, David. "1964 Presidential Election Results". Atlas President Dave. . Retrieved May 8, 2013 .
Source (Selection of Selection): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789-1996". National Archives and Archive Administration . Retrieved August 7, 2005 .
Geography results
Cartographic gallery
Results by country
Close status
The margin of victory is less than 1% (5 electoral votes):
- Arizona , 0.99%
The margin of victory is less than 5% (18 electoral votes):
- Idaho , 1.83%
- Florida , 2.30%
The margin of victory is over 5%, but less than 10% (40 electoral votes):
- Nebraska , 5.22%
- Virginia , 7.36%
- Georgia , 8.25%
- Kansas , 9.03%
- Utah , 9.73%
Consequences
Although Goldwater was defeated, some political experts and historians believe he laid the groundwork for a conservative revolution to follow him. Ronald Reagan's speech on behalf of Goldwater, a grassroots organization and a conservative (though provisional in 1960s) takeover of the Republican party will all help to realize the "Reagan Revolution" of the 1980s.
Johnson left his victory in the 1964 election to launch the Great Society program at home, signed the 1965 Constitution Act and started the Poverty War. He also stepped up the Vietnam War, which eroded his popularity. In 1968, Johnson's popularity declined and the Democrats became so divided into his candidacy that he stepped down as a candidate. In addition, his support for civil rights for blacks helped separate white and southern union members from the Democratic New Deal Coalition Franklin Roosevelt, which would later lead to the phenomenon of "Reagan Democrats". Of the 13 presidential elections that followed until 2016, the Democrats will win only five times.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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