Old Blue is a chess computer developed by IBM. He is known as the first computer to play a chess system to win a game of chess and a game of chess against the reigning world champion under regular time control.
Deep Blue won the first game against the world champions on February 10, 1996, defeating Garry Kasparov in a game of six games. However, Kasparov won three and drew two of the following five games, beating Deep Blue 4-2. Deep Blue was subsequently greatly improved, and played Kasparov again in May 1997. Deep Blue won the six game, therefore winning a rematch of six games 3½-2½ and becoming the first computer system to beat the reigning world champions in a match under the standard chess time control tournament. Kasparov accused IBM of having an affair and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue.
Development for Deep Blue began in 1985 with the ChipTest project at Carnegie Mellon University. The project eventually evolved into Deep Thought, at which point the development team was employed by IBM. The project evolved once again with the new name Deep Blue in 1989. Grandmaster Joel Benjamin is also part of the development team.
Video Deep Blue (chess computer)
Origins
The project started as ChipTest at Carnegie Mellon University by Feng-hsiung Hsu, followed by his successor, Deep Thought. After their graduation from Carnegie Mellon, Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman, and Murray Campbell from the Deep Thought team were hired by IBM Research to continue their quest to build a chess machine that can beat the world champions. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in the fall of 1989, with Anantharaman following later. Anantharaman then left IBM for Wall Street and Arthur Joseph Hoane joined the team to perform programming tasks. Jerry Brody, a longtime IBM Research employee, was recruited for the team in 1990. The team was first run by Randy Moulic, followed by Chung-Jen (C J) Tan.
After the 1989 Deep Thought game against Kasparov, IBM held a contest to change the name of the chess machine and it became "Deep Blue", a game called IBM, "Big Blue". After the Deep Blue version, Deep Blue Jr., played by Grandmaster Joel Benjamin, Hsu and Campbell decided that Benjamin was the expert they were looking to develop the opening book Deep Blue, and Benjamin signed by IBM Research to help prepare for the Deep Blue match against Garry Kasparov.
In 1995 the "Deep Blue prototype" (actually Deep Thought II, renamed for PR reasons) played at the 8th World Computer Chess Championship. The Deep Blue prototype plays the Wchess to a draw computer program while Wchess runs on a personal computer. In round 5 Deep Blue prototypes have white pieces and lost on Fritz 3 computer programs in 39 moves while Fritz runs on personal computers Intel Pentium 90 MHz. At the end of the prototype championship Deep Blue was tied for second place with a Junior computer program while Junior runs on a personal computer.
Design
Deep Blue uses a special VLSI chip to run alpha-beta search algorithms in parallel, an example of GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned Intelligence) rather than in-depth future learning a decade later. It was a violent approach, and one of its developers even claimed it was artificial intelligence altogether.
Maps Deep Blue (chess computer)
Deep Blue versus Kasparov
Deep Blue and Kasparov play each other on two occasions. The first match started on February 10, 1996, where Deep Blue became the first engine to win a chess match against the reigning world champion (Garry Kasparov) under regular time control. However, Kasparov won three and drew two of the following five games, defeating Deep Blue with a score of 4-2 (win counting 1 point, drew a count of ½ points). The match ended on February 17, 1996.
Deep Blue was subsequently greatly enhanced (unofficially nicknamed "Deeper Blue") and played Kasparov again in May 1997, winning a six-game rematch of 3 ½½ ½ 1/2, ending on May 11. Deep Blue won the six-game game after Kasparov made a mistake in the opening, becoming the first computer system to beat the reigning world champion in a match under the control of the standard chess tournament time.
This system gains its game strength primarily from rough computing power. This is a large parallel, RS/6000 SP Thin P2SC-based system with 30 nodes, with each node containing a 120 MHz P2SC microprocessor, upgraded with 480 VLSI special purpose chess chips. The chess game program is written in C language and runs under the AIX operating system. It was able to evaluate 200 million positions per second, twice as fast as the 1996 version. In June 1997, Deep Blue was the strongest 259 strongest supercomputer according to the TOP500 list, reaching 11.38 GFLOPS on the LINPACK High-Performance benchmark.
The Deep Blue chess computer that defeated Kasparov in 1997 would usually seek a depth between six and eight movements up to a maximum of twenty or even more moves in some situations. David Levy and Monty Newborn estimate that one additional layer (half movement) increases the playing power of 50 to 70 Elo points.
The Deep Blue evaluation function was initially written in a general form, with many parameters to be determined (eg how important a secure king position compares to the advantages of space in the center, etc.). The optimal value for this parameter is then determined by the system itself, by analyzing thousands of master games. The evaluation function has been divided into 8,000 parts, many of them designed for special positions. In the opening book there are over 4,000 positions and 700,000 grandmaster games. The endgame database contains many six endgames and five or fewer cut positions. Before the second game, the chess knowledge of the program was well tuned by grandmaster Joel Benjamin. The opening library is provided by grandmasters Miguel Illescas, John Fedorowicz, and Nick de Firmian. When Kasparov requested that he be allowed to learn another game that Deep Blue has played to better understand his opponent, IBM refused. However, Kasparov studied many popular PC games to become familiar with computer games in general.
The author of Nate Silver points out that the bug in the Deep Blue software leads to a seemingly random move (the 44th in the first game of the second game) which Kasparov incorrectly calls "superior intelligence". Furthermore, Kasparov has decreased performance due to anxiety in the following games.
Aftermath
After the defeat, Kasparov said that he occasionally sees intelligence and deep creativity in machine movements, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players have intervened on behalf of the machine, which would be a rule violation. IBM denied that it was cheated, saying the only human intervention took place between games. The rules given for developers to modify the program between games, the chance they say they are used to sustain weaknesses in computer games are revealed during the game. Kasparov requested a printout of the machine log file but IBM refused, although the company later published logs on the Internet. Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM refused and dismantled Deep Blue. Since there is not enough game samples between the Deep Blue and the officially calculated chess players, the chess rank for Deep Blue is not set.
In 2003 a documentary was created that explored these claims. Titled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine , the film interviewed several people who claimed that Deep Blue's victory was IBM's way of increasing its share value.
One of Deep Blue's cultural impacts is the creation of a new game called Arimaa that is designed to be much more difficult for computers than chess.
One of the two shelves made by Deep Blue is on display at the National Museum of American History in their exhibit on the Information Age; other shelves appeared in the Computer History Museum in the "Artificial Intelligence and Robotics" gallery of the Revolution exhibition. Reports that Deep Blue sold to United Airlines seem to stem from the confusion between Deep Blue itself and other RS6000/SP2 systems.
Feng-hsiung Hsu later claimed in his book Behind Deep Blue that he had the right to use the Deep Blue design to build a larger machine independently from IBM to take up Kasparov's rematch offer, but Kasparov refused the rematch.
Deep Blue, with its ability to evaluate 200 million positions per second, is the fastest computer to face world chess champions. Today, in computer chess research and world-class player matches against computers, the focus of play is often shifting to software chess programs, rather than using special chess devices. Modern chess programs like Houdini, Rybka, Deep Fritz or Deep Junior are more efficient than programs during the Deep Blue era. In the November 2006 game between Deep Fritz and world chess champion Vladimir Kramnik, the program runs on a computer system containing Intel Xeon 5160 dual-core CPUs, capable of evaluating only 8 million positions per second but looking to an average depth of 17 to 18 layer in the middle thanks to heuristics; win 4-2.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments