Child neglect is a form of child abuse, and is a deficit in meeting the basic needs of children, including the failure to provide adequate health care, supervision, clothing, nutrition, housing and physical, emotional, social, educational and security. People generally believe there is a behavior that nannies need to be given in order for a child to develop physically, socially, and emotionally. Causes of negligence can occur due to several parenting issues including mental disorders, substance abuse, domestic violence, unemployment, unplanned pregnancy, and poverty.
The neglect of a child depends on how a child and the community perceive the behavior of the parents; not how parents believe they behave towards their child. Parental failures to provide the child, when options are available, are different from failures to deliver when an option is unavailable. Poverty and lack of resources are often the culprits and can prevent parents from meeting the needs of their children, when they are otherwise. Circumstances and intentionality should be examined before defining behavior as negligent.
Child neglect is the most common form of child abuse, with children born to young mothers at great risk of being ignored. In 2008, the US state and Local Child Protection Services (CPS) received 3.3 million reports on abusive or neglected children. Seventy-one percent of children are classified as child abandonment victims ("Child Abuse & Neglect"). Untreated children were about five times more likely to have the first emergency department presentation for suicide-related behaviors, compared to their counterparts, both in males and females.
Children who are permanently excluded from their parents' homes due to proven child abuse, also increase the risk of first presentation to the emergency department for suicide-related behavior. Abandoned children risk experiencing social, emotional and lifelong health problems, especially if ignored before the age of two.
Video Child neglect
Definisi
Delays are difficult to define, as there are no clear cross-cultural standards for childcare practices that are desirable or at least adequate. Research shows that ignorance often occurs along with other forms of abuse and difficulty. While neglect generally refers to the absence of parental care and chronic failure to meet the basic needs of children, defining those needs indirectly. In "Working Together", the Department of Education and Skills (UK) defines omissions in 2006 as:
... Continuous failure to meet the basic physical and/or psychological needs of a child, will most likely cause serious harm to the health or development of the child. Ignore may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal substance abuse. Once a child is born, negligence may involve parents or caregivers who fail to provide adequate food, clothing and shelter (including exclusion from home or neglect); protecting a child from physical or emotional harm or danger; ensure adequate supervision (including inadequate use of carers); or ensuring access to appropriate medical care or care. It also includes neglect, or is unresponsive to, a child's basic emotional needs.
Child neglect (also called psychological abuse) is usually defined as a failure by a nanny to meet the child's physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs. Forms of child abandonment include: Allowing children to witness severe violence or abuse between parents or adults, disregarding, insulting, or threatening a child with violence, not providing children with a safe environment and adult emotional support, and indicating excessive indifference against the child. child welfare.
Other definitions of child neglect are:
- "child abuse forms caused by the denial of basic requirements such as proper nutrition, care, and love", per wiktionary.
- "the failure of a person responsible for care and parenting to maintain the child's emotional and physical health and general well-being" according to Webster's New World Law Dictionary
- "Action not applicable: failure to provide for physical, emotional, or basic education needs of children or to protect a child from danger or potential harm... [...] harm to a child may or may not be a consequence intended Failure to grant [ resulting in] physical neglect, emotional negligence, medical/dental neglect, negligence of education Failure to monitor [produce] inadequate oversight, exposure to violent environments. "per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- "persistent failure to meet the basic physical and/or psychological needs of a child resulting in serious damage to health and/or development".
Summary:
The definition of child neglect is broad. There is no specific guide that determines when a child is ignored; Therefore, it is up to government agencies and professional groups to determine what is considered negligible. In general, child neglect is considered a failure of a parent or caregiver to meet the needs necessary for a child's mental, physical, and emotional development.
Child neglect is one of the most common forms of child abuse, and this continues to be a serious problem for many children. Children's neglect greatly affects the physical development, mental development, and emotional development of children that cause long-term consequences, such as poor academic performance, depression (mood), and personality disorders. These consequences also have an impact on society, as it is more likely that children who suffer from child negligence will have drug abuse problems and education failures as they grow older.
Maps Child neglect
Type
There are different types of child abandonment.
- Physical neglect refers to failure to provide children with basic life needs such as food and clothing.
- Medical negligence is a caregiver's failure to meet basic child health care needs. Example: do not brush your teeth every day, bathe the child and or bring the child to a doctor's visit when necessary.
- Emotional neglect fails to provide emotional support such as security and emotional impulse.
- Negligence of education/development is a failure to provide children with experience for the necessary growth and development, such as not sending children to school or giving them education. (Barnett et al., P.Ã, 90)
- Depending on the laws and child protection policies in your area, allowing unattended small children may be considered a waiver, especially if doing so puts the child in jeopardy.
Child neglect can also be explained by the severity and responses that are assumed to be guaranteed by the public and government agencies.
- Mild neglect is most likely to be regarded as a neglect by a child, but poses a possible danger in a way that requires community intervention. An example might be a parent who does not use a proper car seat.
- Moderate negligence occurs when several hazards to the child have occurred. An example might be a child who is repeatedly dressed unsuitable for the weather (eg shorts in winter.) In cases of moderate danger, government agencies may be called in to help parents.
- Severe omissions occur over time and result in significant harm to the child. For example, children with asthma may be denied treatment.
Experience
Children can be left alone at home, which can lead to negative consequences. Being left alone at home can make young people feel scared, vulnerable and do not know when their parents will return. The frequency and duration left at home can range from every night, up to several days or even weeks at a time.
Also, small children may not be given a decent amount of decent food, which is another form of neglect. Children are reportedly fed with moldy foods, or have no food at home, or they are given insufficient food.
Cause
The cause of child abuse is complex and can be attributed to three different levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal/family, and social/economic level. Although the causes of negligence vary, studies show that, among other things, parental mental health problems, drug use, domestic violence, unemployment, and poverty are factors that increase the likelihood of being ignored. Children resulting from unwanted pregnancies are more likely to suffer abuse and neglect. They are also more likely to live in poverty. Neglectable families often experience variations or combinations of negative factors.
Intra-personal
At an intra-personal level, discussions about the characteristics of negligent parents often focus on the mother, reflecting the traditional notion of women as primary caregivers for children. The "negligent attribute" includes the inability to plan, lack of confidence about the future, the difficulty of managing money, emotional immaturity, lack of knowledge of children's needs, large numbers of children, adolescent mothers, high stress levels, and poor. socio-economic situation. Mental health problems, especially depression, have been linked to the inability of parents to meet the needs of the child. Likewise, substance abuse is believed to play an important role in undermining the parental ability to overcome parental responsibility. While much of the literature focuses on mothers, the role of dad in neglect as well as the impact of their absence remains largely unexplored. There is little known about whether mothers and fathers neglect differently and how this affects children. Similarly, little is known about whether girls and boys are negligent differently.
Inter-personal/family
At the interpersonal/family level, a large number of neglected families are led by a single mother or have a temporary man. Unstable and abusive relationships have also been mentioned as increasing the risk of child neglect. The impact of domestic violence on children often includes direct violence or witnessing violence, which is potentially very damaging to children. While the UK Department of Health links the exposure of children to domestic violence with parents 'failure to protect them from emotional disturbance, the notion of "failure to protect" has been challenged because the main focus is on abused parents' responsibilities, usually mothers, who often has significant risks. Recent reforms of the Domestic Violence Law, Crime and Victim (2004) have introduced new violations that cause or allow the death of a vulnerable child or adult, thereby reinforcing the notion of "failure to protect". However, research on domestic violence shows that supporting nonviolent parents is good child protection. There are several indications of the nature of cyclical and intergenerational neglect. A study of childhood abuse and a mother's ability to be sensitive to child emotions suggests that mothers with a self-reported history of abuse have a higher indication of insensitivity and a lack of adjustment to emotional cues of babies than mothers with no history of abuse.. Although the literature suggests that neglectful parents may have been negatively affected by their own past experiences, more research is needed to explore the link between persecution experiences and negligent childcare behaviors. Alcohol and drug abuse on caregivers is an important risk factor for repeated child abuse after taking into account other known risk factors; the increased risk appears to be similar between alcohol and drug abuse.
Social/economic
At the socio/economic level, the link between poverty and neglect has often been done. A study of child abuse by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children supports the link between neglect and lower socioeconomic classes. Research in the US has shown that less affluent families are more likely to be found persecuting their children, especially in the form of neglect and physical abuse, rather than affluent families. Some argue that many forms of physical neglect, such as inadequate clothing, exposure to environmental hazards and poor hygiene can be directly linked to poverty while others are more cautious in making direct relationships. Research has shown that parents in low socioeconomic levels tend not to buy the resources needed for their children, which makes them experience school failures at a more frequent level. While poverty is believed to increase the likelihood of being ignored, poverty is not doomed to neglect. Many low-income families are not negligent but provide a loving home for their children. However, when poverty coexists with other forms of adversity, it can negatively impact the ability of parents to cope with stressors and weaken their ability to adequately respond to their child's needs. It could also mean that working parents are faced with a choice between unemployment and leaving their children at home. McSherry argues that the relationship between child abandonment and poverty should be seen as circular and interdependent. Where alcoholic caregiver abuse is identified, children are significantly more likely to experience some neglect incidents than children in whom this is not identified, as are children where other family risk factors (including socioeconomic loss markers) are found.
Parenting style
The pattern of repetitive behavior indicates that the cycle of violence is repeated. Children of rude and negligent parents in the future. Research on the correlation between child abandonment and parenting styles has shown that those who suffer parental negligence tend to have problems in relationships as adults. The attachment style of children from rude parents is less secure than children with authoritative caregivers. Children who suffer physical and emotional abuse are more likely to have an insecure attachment, such as busy, dismissive, or fearful. There are three parenting styles that lead to the neglect of the child: an authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved style. Authoritarian parents, who are low in warmth and affection but have high control, result in avoidance, high levels of anxiety, depression, and insecurity against their children. Such children from an early age have learned to hide the vulnerability of their parents and finally from themselves as well. These children are often seen separated from relationships or become pseudo-independent. Some may end up with avoidant-style attachments in childhood or disparaging styles as adults. Permissive children, very responsive, but not demanding parents, often have problems with self-regulation, and engage in drug and alcohol use. They do not develop a sense of security in the family, they are anxious. Often, these people will be asked to be cared for by courts and judges and will be seen in the treatment program of alcohol and substance abuse. Children of uninvolved or neglected parents who do not invest in their role as caretakers, reject the children, and leave them physically and emotionally, less mature, less self-esteem, often end up in foster care. To deal with this painful situation, children of such parents learn a way of hiding that tends to deviate in developing personal identity. These children have problems with substance abuse, developing lower psychological well-being, depression, and may result in developing personality disorders.
Taboo
There is some evidence to suggest that there is a cultural taboo around admitting to neglecting children in their own families. In one study, parents who accessed family-focused services that neglect children are worried about never mentioning the word 'negligent' during an interview designed to find out about their experience in the service. In the NSPCC Childline data analysis, John Cameron, Chief of the Help Channel reported that many of the abandoned children who contacted the channel did not use the word neglect and did not indicate that they were ignored when they first spoke with a Childline member.
Effects
The effect of child neglect may vary depending on the individual and how much care is given, but the general neglect of children that occurs in the first two years of a child's life may be more an important precursor of childhood aggression than later negligence, which may not has a strong correlation. Children who suffer from negligence most often also have difficulty bonding, cognitive deficits, emotional/behavioral problems, and physical consequences due to negligence. Initial delay has the potential to alter the body's stress response, especially the levels of cortisol (stress hormones) that can cause abnormalities and alter the overall health of the body. Studies have shown that there is a relationship between negligence and an impaired nanny-caregiver parenting pattern. If the parent is less sensitive to the baby's needs, the baby may develop an insecure attachment. The child's negligent behavior will contribute to the difficulties and the formation of their bonds in the future, or nothing. In addition to biological and social effects, neglect affects intellectual ability and cognitive/academic deficits. Also, children who suffer from child negligence may also suffer from anxiety disorder or impulse-control disorders. Another result of child negligence is what people call "failing to grow". Infants with deficits in growth and abnormal behaviors such as withdrawal, apathy and excessive sleep fail to develop, rather than develop into "healthy" individuals (Barnett et al., P 86).
A study by Robert Wilson, a professor at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, and colleagues, showed for the first time that children under the age of 18 when they were simply ignored in some way by their caregivers had a risk 3 times greater than Stroke above those with a low enough level, after controlling some common risk factors (they interviewed 1,040 participants aged 55 years or older; after 3 1/2 years, 257 of them died and 192 were autopsied, with 89 has evidence of stroke after autopsy and other 40 has its history). Previous abandonment, oppression, and harassment have been linked to gray matter and white matter matter and to accelerate aging. For more information, please see the link to the online news article on the research, from Health blog VITALS NBCNews.com, by unnamed LiveScience staff.
Statistics
In the case reported for negligent behavior, it is most often women. A higher proportion of women reported to be neglected may reflect the social attitude that mothers are responsible for meeting their children's needs. In recent years, latent problems for child development and for the culture and political economy associated with father's negligence have received more attention, however. Parents who neglect to interact less with their children, engage in less verbal teaching and play behavior, show less affection and engage in more negative interactions with their children, such as verbal aggression. Often parents who ignore their children are single parents or disabled mothers who have to take care of themselves, and therefore the child is extra stress. This extra stress is often overlooked. Family size can contribute to child abandonment. If a family has several children, they may not be able to give all the children all the basic necessities needed to survive and thrive. Unfortunately, if the family can not provide all their children, children may experience negligence. Family history can play a role in the behavior of neglecting parents. If parents are neglected because children mean they learn negligent behaviors from their own parents, they often internalize and believe the behavior to be a "norm", resulting in neglecting their own children (Barnett et al., P. 92). In one study conducted in 2011, the results showed that one in four mothers were negligent, and negligence was four times more likely with a history of physical abuse in childhood in childhood than without a history of persecution.
Disclosure
Research shows that most children are displaced, even when they can talk to a professional about their circumstances, not using the word 'negligent' and may not indicate that they are being ignored. It is therefore recommended that proactive professionals in exploring and identifying omissions.
When waivers are disclosed, action is not always taken. Just as professionals expressed concern about neglect to other professionals in the workplace, they found that professionals were not always responding. The NSPCC recently reported the case of a teaching assistant, who contacted the organization with concerns about a particular child. The teaching assistant asks to remain anonymous, afraid that she will be fired by her school if they find out that she has made the disclosure.
Assess and identify
Assessing and identifying omissions poses a number of challenges for practitioners.
Choosing the right method for identifying omissions can be helped by having a clear concept of neglect. Abandonment is a process in which a child experiences developmental delays due to the fact that it does not receive adequate levels of combination of treatments, stimulation or nutrition, which can collectively be called parenting. Given that neglect is the dynamic between child development and parenting, the question of identifying neglect, to be one where you start, with child development or with parenting?
Development focus method
Some professionals identify neglect by measuring a child's developmental level, because if the rate of development is normal, one can, by definition, conclude that a child is not neglected. Measurable development areas include weight, height, stamina, social and emotional response, speech and motor development. All these features go up to make a medical assessment of whether a child is developing, so a professional who wants to start an assessment of negligence may start with information gathered by a doctor. Babies are often weighed and measured when viewed by their doctor for a good baby checkup. The doctor will begin a more complete evaluation when the development and function of the baby is found to be delayed. This suggests that social worker staff may consult medical records to determine whether the infant or child fails to grow, as the first step in the path to a waiver of identification. If the rate of development is below normal, then the identification of negligence requires professional formation if an abnormal rate of development can be lowered to the level of care experienced by the child. One needs to discount that developmental delays are caused by some genetic or disease conditions.
Start an assessment by checking for childcare received by a child
Another way to begin the process of identifying negligence is to identify if the child is experiencing lower levels of care than is deemed necessary to support normal development. In part, this requires knowledge of the level of care needed by the child to maintain normal development, which may be specific to age, gender and other factors. Yet, just how one ensures what a particular child needs, without referring back to his or her developmental level, is not something that the theory and policy of negligence is obvious. In addition, ensuring whether a child obtains the level of care necessary to take into account not only the intensity of care, but also, given that the intensity of certain parenting forms can be done across time, duration and frequency of care.. It is okay for a child to experience varying and low levels of parenting of a particular type throughout the day and from time to time, however, it is not OK if the care level never goes beyond the threshold of intensity, duration and frequency. For this reason, professionals are thinking of keeping a detailed history of provision of care, which shows the duration in which the child is exposed to periods of subnormal exposure to care, stimulation and nutrition.
Start the assessment by checking for care provided by the caregiver or parent
Professionals should focus on the level of care provided by the nanny, where negligence is understood as a parental behavior issue. Some authors feel that building the failure of parents and carers to provide care will be enough to conclude that the omission occurred. Action for Children states that, "A child experiences negligence when their caring adults fail to meet their needs" clearly defines neglect as a parental performance issue. This raises the question of what level of care, caregiver or parent needs to fall, to provoke developmental delays, and how one measures accurately.
Methods, which focus on stimulation provided by caregivers, may be subject to criticism. Negligence is about the development of children affected by care levels, but parenting care is not always a good indicator of the level of care received by the child. Ignore may occur in school, outside of parental care. The child may receive care from siblings or through boarding school education, which compensates for the lack of parental care provided.
Linking development to stimulation
Negligence is a process in which children experience developmental delays due to inadequate parenting levels. It has been argued that in principle, this means that when starting an omission judgment by identifying the developmental delays that a person needs to then check the level of care received by the child. Of course, where guidelines to identify omissions urged practitioners to measure developmental levels, some guidelines urged practitioners to focus on how developmental levels can be attributed to parental behaviors. But a narrow focus on parental behavior can be criticized because it does not need to rule out the potential impact of institutionalized abandonment, eg. neglected in school.
If a person starts by concluding that the level of care received by the child is not sufficient, then he needs to consider the level of development achieved by the child.
However, further challenges arise. Even when a person has experienced developmental delays and is exposed to low parenting, one needs to rule out the possibility that the relationship between the two is accidental. Developmental delays may be caused by genetic, illness or physical, sexual or emotional abuse. Of course developmental delays can be caused by a mixture of lack of exposure to parenting, abuse, genetics and disease.
Practical tools for measuring
The Graded Care Profile Tool is a practice tool that provides an objective measure of the quality of care in terms of parent/caregiver commitments. It was developed in the UK.
The North Carolina Family Assessment Scale is a tool that can be used by a practitioner to explore whether neglect occurs in different areas of the family function.
Evidence for effectiveness of judgment in child abandonment case
Professionals who conduct family assessments where neglect occurs are said to sometimes make the following mistakes:
- Failure to ask the right kind of questions, including
- Does the abandonment occur?
- Why does waiver occur?
- What is the situation for the child?
- Are family upgrades likely to be sustainable?
- What needs to be done to ensure the long-term safety of the child?
Program intervention
Programs and treatment of early interventions in developed countries including individual, family, group counseling and social support services, behavioral skills training programs to eliminate problem behaviors and teach parents "appropriate" parenting behavior.
Parenting program
Video Interaction Guide
Video interaction guidelines are video feedback interventions where "guider" helps clients to improve communication in relationships. Clients are guided to analyze and reflect video clips from their own interactions. Video Interaction Guides have been used when concerns have been disclosed over the possibility of a parental abandonment in cases where the focus child is 2-12 years old, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan.
SafeCare
The SafeCare program is a preventive program working with parents of children under 6 years who are at risk of significant harm through negligence. The program is delivered at home by trained practitioners, over 18 to 20 sessions and focuses on 3 main areas: parent-infant/child interaction; home security and child health.
Triple P
Triple P (Parenting Program) is a positive parenting program. This is a multilevel support strategy, parenting, and family support. The idea behind that is that if parents are educated about "right" care and given the right resources, it can help reduce the number of abandonment cases. When deciding whether to leave a child home alone, caregivers should consider the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of children, as well as state laws and policies on this issue.
The effectiveness of the intervention program
Evidence for the effectiveness of intervention programs can be divided into two types. One type is an impact study in which the objective of the evaluation is to show statistically significant increase in results in a population, which can be attributed to intervention. The second type is a qualitative study that aims to illuminate the mechanism through which program participants can access resources and help offered in the program to achieve better results.
Impact study
Several interventions aimed at families that neglect children occur, have been subject to impact studies.
Video interaction guide
Video Interaction Guides have been used when concerns have been disclosed over the possibility of a parental abandonment in cases where the focus child is 2-12 years old, and where the child is not the subject of a child protection plan. The project evaluation showed that VIG resulted in significant changes in the emotional and behavioral difficulties of the population of children receiving services, and increased reported parenting rates and reported parent-child relationships with their children in the parent population whose children receive services. The data excludes parents who fail to complete the program, the parent who completed the program but decides not to complete the evaluation steps, and on some measures of the parent who completed the action but the feedback that was decided has been positively biased.
SafeCare
The SafeCare program has been granted to families in the United Kingdom where a professional has assessed the risk of experiencing significant harm through neglect. The results data show that the average family participating in the program evaluation improves parenting skills and reduces negligent behavior. In addition, all referrers reported seeing positive changes in the families they referred to, especially in home security, parental interactions and child health. However, without a comparison group, it is not possible to associate changes to SafeCare.
Triple P
Triple P has also been given to families in the UK where negligence is a concern. The findings of this service show that, on average, the children participating in the evaluation experienced increased emotional outcomes and behaviors. However this positive change can not be attributed to Triple P because the control group has not been established.
Mechanism to stop ignoring
Qualitative research studies have also illuminated several ways in which the program can help parents individually.
Social learning theory
Evaluation has shown that in some cases, parents have learned to improve their parenting patterns in ways described by social learning theory. Social Learning Theory suggests people learn by observing the behaviors and positive outcomes associated with them. The evaluation of Triple P interventions highlights how many parents can improve the way they relate to their children after receiving advice on how to become clear and attached to their children, and in some cases after trying and seeing the effect. such an approach for themselves, first hand, and often for the first time. Prompted by Video Interaction Guides, parents-with some children, who traditionally spend time with them all together in groups-start spending time one-to-one with their own children, often for the first time. Some parents also start doing activities with their children, which involves a small element of risk, after they agree for the first time as part of the Video Interaction Guidelines.
Relationships between practitioners and parents
A general finding throughout the evaluation of programs designed to help families where neglect of concern is that the main factor affecting parental involvement and perception is the quality of the relationships they can build with the practitioners who deliver the program. Key factors in helping practitioners involve parents into interventions include:
- Establish a sense that the practitioner will support the family beyond what is necessary to complete the intervention.
- Gives family members time to discuss their issues both on and out of appointments.
- Advise families on issues that are not directly related to the intervention.
- Making sure fun is part of the interaction.
- Make family members feel cared for through the provision of clothing, food, and gifts.
- Giving parents instructions on analyzing family functions and becoming a parent.
- Carry out interventions at parents' homes.
- Practitioners working on weekday nights.
In the case of Video Interaction Guides, when parents are asked about their experiences in the intervention, parents always refer to the care and support provided by practitioners. The effectiveness of interventions is experienced as an aspect of the overall relationship of care.
Children's response
There are various ways in which children can act in response to a neglected experience.
Some children try to talk negligence to their parents. In some cases, parents may respond aggressively or violently to such attempts to solve the problem.
Some children steal money from their parents' wallets to feed themselves.
Babies are too young to correct parental negligence, but in some cases you will go in and take care of them. Some older siblings leave without food so their sister can eat.
See also
- Ignore
- Aggressive passive behavior
- Failure itself
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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