Deaf culture

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Deaf culture is a collection of social beliefs, behaviors, arts, literary traditions, history, values, and sharing of community institutions affected by deafness and who use sign language as the primary means of communication. When used as a cultural label primarily in culture, the word deaf is often written with capital D and is referred to as "bigÃƒ, D Deaf" in speech and sign. When used as a label for audiological conditions, it is written in lowercase d .

Members of the hearing-impaired community tend to see deafness as a difference in human experience rather than disability or disease. Many members feel proud of their Deaf identity. Deaf people, in the sense of community or culture, can then be seen as a minority group, and therefore some who are part of this community may feel misunderstood by those who do not know sign language. Another struggle that the deaf community often faces is that educational institutions usually consist of listening people. In addition, listening family members may need to learn sign language to make deaf people feel included and supported. Unlike some other cultures, deaf people can join the community in the future, rather than need to be born into it.

There are three views about deaf people. There is a medical view, a view commonly associated with doctors and encouraging the parents of the Deaf children that they must undergo surgery. They may even go so far as to encourage parents not to learn sign language believing that it will distract the Deaf children from developing their hearing skills and speech. The social view welcomes the individual Deaf into the world of hearing and provides people with hearing impairment with accommodation such as translators. The detractors of this view argue that this fails to recognize the unique situation of Deaf Children; Rather than trying to understand the Culture of the Deaf, people with this view feel as if the task of the deaf to find their own way into a predominantly hearing society. Finally, there is a cultural-linguistic view. Deaf cultural supporters argue that this rightly recognizes the Deaf as a minority culture in the world with their own language, social norms and culture, and promotes the right of the Deaf to collective space in society to continue their language and culture for future generations. Engaging in deaf and culturally identifiable communities as deaf has been shown to significantly contribute to positive self-esteem in deaf individuals. This community provides support, easy social interaction, and "protection from the hearing world's frustrations." Conversely, deaf individuals who are not part of the deaf community are forced to adjust to the world of hearing, thereby lowering self-esteem.

Communities may include listening to family members of the deaf and sign language translators who identify with the Deaf culture. It does not automatically cover everyone who is deaf or who has a hearing loss. As an educator and translator of American Sign Language, Anna Mindess writes, "not the hearing loss rate that determines members of the hearing community but the individual senses and actions produced by the individual himself." Like all social groups a person chooses, a person is a member of the deaf community if he "identifies himself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as part of the community."

Culture of deafness is recognized under Article 30, Paragraph 4 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which states that "Persons with disabilities are entitled, on an equal basis with others, for the recognition and support of their particular culture and linguistic identity, including sign language and deaf culture. "

Video Deaf culture

Terminology

"deaf" and "Deaf"

In 1972, Professor James Woodward, deputy director of the Linguistic Center for Signs and Deaf Studies at the Chinese University of Hong Kong since 2004, proposed the distinction between deafness and the culture of the Deaf. He suggested using deaf (written in lowercase d ) to refer to audiological conditions of deafness, and Deaf (written in capital letters D ) to refer to the Deaf culture.

The US state regulation of the Colorado Department of Human Services defines "Deaf" (uppercase) as "A group of people, with a variety of sharpness of hearing, whose primary mode of communication is visual language (especially American Sign Language (ASL) in the United States. has a common heritage and culture, "and has a separate definition for" deaf "(lowercase).

This Convention has been widely adopted in scientific culture and literature in English, and to some extent in other languages. Both of these terms are also widely used to refer to different but partially overlapping people groups: deaf people (those with significant hearing loss) vs. the Deaf (those who identify with Deaf culture and use sign language as the primary means of communication). However, not everyone makes this distinction; some people point out that there are many ways to "deaf" and simple two-way differences are too limiting.

"Person-first" language denied

In Deaf culture, the language of the first person (ie, "Deaf people", "hard-earners") has long been rejected because culturally Deaf is viewed as a source of positive identity and pride. In contrast, the Tuli culture used the first language of deafness: "The Deaf" or the "hard-to-hear" person.

"Hearing loss" and "hard ear hearing"

Hearing people might use the term hearing loss , may think it is more polite than "deaf", but deaf people tend to reject it, for various reasons. It is more likely to be used for people with mild or moderate hearing loss or for people who have been deaf in adulthood than by those who have grown deaf. In contrast, those who identify with the Deaf cultural movement usually reject the hearing-and interference label and other labels that imply that deafness is a pathological condition, seeing it as a focus of pride. Furthermore, the term focuses entirely on the physical condition of deafness, while ignoring the linguistic and cultural differences between those who sign and identify with the Culture of the Deaf, and those who do not.

The term "hard to hear" is preferred over "hearing impaired" in the American deaf community and is accepted as a neutral term with no negative or pathological connotations, with no implications about the age of onset. This generally refers to people who rely heavily on spoken language for communication or who have mild or moderate hearing loss. The term ASL hard-of-hearing exists and is roughly equivalent to the English term.

Invalid term again: "deaf-mute" and "deaf and dumb"

The various terms used to refer to deaf are no longer used and can be seen as outdated, or humiliating, such as deaf-mute, or deaf and dumb. Previously this term was neutral, or at least, accepted, as can be seen by nicknames such as baseball player Dummy Hoy, or former name of educational institution, since renamed, such as the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf (formerly Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf) and Mute), the University Gallaudet (formerly National Deaf-Mute College ).

Deaf-mute is a literal translation of the French sourd-muet used in 19th-century France, in the works of the founder founder of the school in Paris, as well as in the name of the school, Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets ÃƒÆ' Paris . Since some deaf people can also speak, the term "deaf-mute" is inaccurate. The word "stupid" means "speechless" for centuries in English, before it gets the meaning of "dumb" as a secondary meaning in the nineteenth century, but because "dumb" is now the main meaning, even though the term is still widely understood in a secondary sense in a particular expression, the term is now unsuitable to refer to the Deaf.

Maps Deaf culture

Acquisitions

Historically, Deaf culture has often been obtained in schools for Deaf students and in the Deaf social club, both of which bring deaf people into communities they can identify. Being Culturally Deaf can occur at different times for different people, depending on the circumstances of a person's life. A small number of deaf people gain sign language and deaf culture in infancy from deaf parents, others get it through attendance at school, but others may not be exposed to Sign language and Deaf culture until college or later.

Although up to fifty percent of deafness has a genetic cause, less than five percent of deaf people have deaf parents, so the deaf community is unusual among cultural groups where most members do not get their cultural identity from parents.

Diversity in Deaf cultures

ASL educator and translator Anna Mindess noted that there is "not just a homogeneous deaf culture". There are many different deaf communities around the world, who communicate using different sign language and show different cultural norms. Deaf identity also intersects with other types of cultural identity. Deaf cultures meet with nationality, education, race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexual orientation, and other identity markers, leading to cultures that are at once very small and very diverse. The extent to which people identify primarily with their deaf identity rather than their membership in other intersecting cultural groups also varies. Mindess noted a 1989 study, which found that "87 percent of black deaf people surveyed were identified with their black culture first".

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Characteristics

Sign languages â€‹â€‹

The tradition of poetry and powerful storytelling is in American Sign Language and other sign language. Some of the leading players in the United States include Clayton Valli, Ben Materials, Ella Mae Lentz, Manny Hernandez, C. Jones, Debbie Rennie, Patrick Graybill, Peter Cook, and many others. Their works are now increasingly available in the video.

The Deaf have also represented themselves in the dominant written languages â€‹â€‹of their country.

Deaf artists such as Betty G. Miller and Chuck Baird have produced visual artwork that conveys the Deaf world view. Douglas Tilden is a famous Deaf sculptor who produced many different statues in his lifetime. Some deaf artists belong to the art movement called De'VIA, which stands for Deaf View Image Art.

Organizations such as Deaf Professional Arts Network or D-PAN are dedicated to promoting professional development and access to the arts of entertainment, visual and media for deaf or hearing-impaired individuals.

The Daily Moth was founded by Alex Abenchuchan in 2017 to make the news accessible for Deaf ASL users.

History

In the United States, the Cobbs School, a deaf school in Virginia, was founded in 1815. The school lasted only one and a half years due to financial decline. American Deaf Community tells the story of Laurent Clerc, a deaf educator, came to the United States from France in 1817 to help find the first permanent school for deaf children in the country now called American School for the Deaf in Hartford Connecticut. American School is the first official school for deaf people.

Another notable event was the Second International Congress of 1880 on Deaf Education in Milan, Italy, where the hearing educator chose to receive oral education and remove sign language from the class. These efforts resulted in strong opposition in today's deaf culture for the oral method of teaching deaf children to speak and read lips with limited or no use of sign language in the classroom. This method is intended to facilitate deaf children to integrate into the auditory community, but the benefits of learning in such an environment are debatable. The use of sign language is central to the identity of the Deaf, and attempts to limit its use are seen as attacks.

Shared institutions

Deaf culture revolves around institutions such as residential schools for deaf students, universities for deaf students (including Gallaudet University, Western College Institute for the Deaf, and National Institute for Deaf Techniques), deaf clubs, deaf athletics leagues, communal houses ( such as The Home for Aged and Infirm Deaf-Mutes, founded by Jane Middleton, in New York City), deaf social organizations (such as Deaf Deaf Professionals), deaf religious groups, deaf theaters, and conferences and festivals, such as Conferences and Festivals Deaf Way II and the World Federation of Deaf-Blind Conference.

The deaf club, popular in the 1940s and 1950s, was also an important part of the deaf culture. During this time, there were few places that the Deaf could access to where they were managed by deaf people for the deaf. Deaf clubs are the solution to this need. Money is made by selling alcohol and hosting card games. Sometimes this effort is so successful that the building used by the club can be bought. However, the main attraction of these clubs is that they provide a place where deaf people can be around other deaf people, sometimes sharing stories, having parties, comedians and dramas. Many common ABC stories today are first seen in deaf clubs. The clubs are found in all major cities, New York City being home to at least 12. These clubs are an important break from their usual day spent on factory work.

In the 1960s, deaf clubs began their rapid and drastic decline. Today there are only a few deaf clubs spread across the United States and their presence is usually small with parents' inclinations. This sudden drop is often associated with the emergence of technologies such as TTY and closed captions for private TV. With other options available for entertainment and communication, the need for deaf clubs is getting smaller. It is no longer the only option to connect with other deaf community members.

However, others attribute the decline of deaf clubs to the end of World War II and changes in the job market. During World War II there was a high demand for factory workers and high-paying promises. Many deaf Americans leave their homes to move to big cities in the hope of getting a job at the factory. The influx of workers to these new cities created the need for deaf clubs. When World War II ended and the civil rights movement flourished, the federal government began offering more jobs to men and women with hearing impairment. People are beginning to shift from manufacturing jobs to service jobs, moving from solitary work to fixed hours. Today, deaf clubs are rare, but deaf advocacy centers and other deaf organizations have become widespread and popular.

Deaf African-American institution

The National Black Deaf Advocates was founded in 1982 "to promote leadership development, economic and educational opportunities, social equity, and to maintain the general health and well-being of the hearing impaired and those who are hard of hearing."

Deaf LGBT institution

The Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf is a non-profit organization established in 1977 to "build and maintain GLOBAL Deaf people to encourage and promote educational, economic and social welfare, to foster a fellowship, to defend our rights, and advance the interests of we as the GLBT People's Deaf for social justice, to build an organization in which all eligible members can participate in discussions on practical issues and solutions related to their social welfare RAD has more than twenty chapters in the United States and Canada. as well as Deaf Queer Resource Deaf Resource Center (DQRC) resource center, the Hong Kong Bauhinias Blind Club, and Greenbow LGBT Communities in Ireland.

Deaf religious institutions

There are deaf churches (where sign language is the main language), deaf synagogues, the center of deaf Jewish community, and the Deaf Hebrew Seminary in Illinois. In 2011 the Conservative Movement unanimously passed rabbinic responsibility, "Heresh [Deaf and Sign Language] status," by the Jewish Law and Standards Committee (CJLS). This response states that, among other things, "The Jewish Legal and Standard Committee stipulates that deaf people who communicate through sign language and not speak are no longer considered mentally deficient.The deaf Jews are responsible for observing the mitzvot, community, synagogues, schools and camps should strive to be friendly and accessible, and inclusive Sign language can be used in terms of personal status and can be used in rituals A deaf person summoned for the unspeaking Torah can read the beaked through sign language A hearing impaired can serve as a shaliah tzibbur in sign language in minyan whose medium of communication is sign language. "

Deaf women's institution

There are 15 Deaf Female Deaf chapters across the United States; its mission is, "to promote the lives of women with hearing impairment through empowerment, enrichment, and networking." There is also Pink Wings of Hope, an American breast cancer support group for women with hearing impairment and hearing impairment.

Library and community Deaf

Deaf people in libraries have the same needs as other library customers, but they are often more difficult to access materials and services. Over the last few decades, libraries in the United States have begun implementing services and collections for Deaf customers and work harder each year to make more of their collections, services, communities, and even more accessible worlds.

The American Library Association considers people with disabilities, including the Deaf, as a minority often overlooked by library staff. However, in the last few decades, libraries throughout the United States have made improvements in the accessibility of libraries in general and the Deaf community in particular.

One of the first activists in the library community who sought accessibility for the hearing impaired was Alice Hagemeyer. When the disabled community began to demand equality in the 1970s, Hagemeyer decided to go back to school for his master's degree in library science. As he studied there, he realized that there was not much information about deaf communities in his library or in the library of his classmates. He soon became an activist for deaf in his library, and he became the first "Librarian for the Deaf Community" of the country's public library. Hagemeyer also compiled a resource manual for the Deaf and related people called The Red Notebook. This notebook is now an online resource, available on the Friends of Libraries for Deaf Action website. Hagemeyer was one of the first library activists to make progress for deaf communities.

Australian librarian Karen McQuigg stated that "even ten years ago, when I was involved in a project that saw what public libraries can offer deafness, it seems the gap between the requirements of this group and what the public library can offer is too great for public libraries to serve they are effective. "There is a dearth of information for or about deaf communities available in libraries across the nation and around the world.

New guides from library organizations such as the International Federation of Association and Library Institutions (IFLA) and ALA are written to help libraries make their information more accessible to people with disabilities, and in some cases, particularly deaf communities. The IFLA's Guidelines for Library Services for the Deaf is one set of guidelines, and it was published to inform the library of services that should be made available to Deaf customers. Most of the related guides to ensure that the Deaf customer has equal access to all available library services. Other guides include training librarians to provide services for deaf communities, the availability of text phones or TTY not only to help customers with reference questions but also to make outside calls, using the latest technology to communicate more effectively with Deaf customers, including text services closed for any television service, and develop collections that will attract members of the deaf community.

Over the years, library services have begun to expand to accommodate the needs and wants of the local deaf community. At Queens Borough Public Library (QBPL) in New York, staff are implementing new and innovative ideas to engage the community and library staff with deaf people in their community. QBPL hired deaf librarian, Lori Stambler, to train library staff on the Deaf culture, to teach sign language classes for family members and people involved with deaf people, and to teach literacy classes for Deaf customers. In working with libraries, Stambler is able to help communities reach out to their deaf neighbors, and help other deaf people become more active in their outer communities.

Deaf libraries

The library at Gallaudet University, the only Deaf liberal arts university in the United States, was founded in 1876. The library collection has grown from a small number of reference books to the world's largest collection of deaf material with over 234,000 books and thousands of other materials in different formats. This collection is so large that libraries have to create a hybrid classification system based on Dewey Decimal Classification System to make cataloging and location within libraries easier for library staff and users. The library also stores the university archives, which store some of the world's most deaf books and documents the world's oldest.

In Nashville, Tennessee, Sandy Cohen manages Library Services for Deaf and Hard Listening (LSDHH). This program was created in 1979 in response to the problem of accessibility of information for the hearing impaired in the Nashville area. Initially, the only service provided was news via teletypewriter or TTY, but today, the program has expanded to serve the entire state of Tennessee by providing various types of information and materials on Deafness, Deaf culture, and information for family members of the Deaf, as well as historical and reference collections.

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References

src: stream.aljazeera.com

External links

Deaf in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Deaf as Culture. Article by Edward Dolnick at Atlantic Monthly , September 1993.
"Deafness is not a flaw" (argumentum ad consequential) The article discusses controversy.
Identity Politics Gone Wild, by Charlotte Allen. Weekly Standard , 2 April 2007
The Silent WorkerÃƒ, - national newspaper popular among the deaf population of the United States during the late 1890s until the end of the first quarter of the 20th century.
Deaf National Association. NAD protects the deaf and hard to hear about civil rights in the US.

Source of the article : Wikipedia

Deaf culture

Senin, 11 Juni 2018

Deaf culture

Video Deaf culture