This article documents the significant progress of the human-computer chess match .
The first chess computer was able to defeat a strong chess player in the late 1980s. Their most notable success was the Deep Blue victory over World Chess Champ Garry Kasparov in 1997, but there is some controversy over whether match conditions support the computer.
In 2002-2003 three human-computer games were withdrawn. But while Deep Blue is a specialized machine, it is a chess program that runs on commercially available computers.
Chess programs running on commercially available desktop computers had a convincing victory against human players in matches in 2005 and 2006. Since then, chess programs that run on commercial hardware - newer ones including cell phones - have been able to beat even players the strongest man though.
Video Human-computer chess matches
MANIAC (1956)
In 1956 MANIAC, developed at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, became the first computer to beat humans in a game like chess. Playing with the simplified Los Alamos rule, it beats beginners in 23 moves.
Maps Human-computer chess matches
Mac Hack VI (1966-1968)
In 1966, MIT student Richard Greenblatt wrote the Mac Hack VI chess program using MIDAS macro assembly language on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-6 computer with 16K of memory. Mac Hack VI evaluates 10 positions per second.
In 1967, several MIT students and professors (organized by Seymour Papert) challenged Dr. Hubert Dreyfus to play the game of chess against Mac Hack VI. Dreyfus, a professor of philosophy at MIT, wrote the book What Can Not Do Computer, questioned the computer's ability to serve as a model for the human brain. He also confirmed that no computer program can beat even a 10 year old boy in chess. Dreyfus accepted the challenge. Herbert A. Simon, an artificial intelligence pioneer, watched the game. He said, "This is an incredible match - a real cliffhanger between two woodpushers with a barrage of insight and an evil plan... great moments of drama and disaster that plagued such a game." The computer defeated Dreyfus when he found a movement, which could capture the enemy's queen. The only way a computer can get out of this is to keep Dreyfus check with his own queen until he can lick the queen and king, and then trade it. That's what computers do. Soon, Dreyfus lost. Finally, the computer checks Dreyfus in the center of the board.
In the spring of 1967, Mac Hack VI played in the Boston Amateur championship winning 2 games and drawing 2 games. Mac Hack VI defeated 1510 players of the US Chess Federation. This is the first time a computer has won a game in a human tournament. By the end of 1968, Mac Hack VI reached rank 1529. The average value at USCF was close to 1500.
Chess xx (1968-1978)
In 1968, Northwestern University students Larry Atkin, David Slate and Keith Gorlen began work on Chess (Northwestern University). On July 25, 1976, Chess 4.5 scored 5-0 in Class B (1600-1799) part of Paul Masson's 4th chess tournament in Saratoga, California. This is the first time a computer has won a human tournament. Chess 4.5 is rated 1722. Chess 4.5 runs on Control Data Corporation CDC Cyber ​​175 supercomputers (2.1 megaflops) looking at less than 1500 positions per second. On February 20, 1977, Chess 4.5 won the 84th Minnesota Open Championship with 5 wins and one defeat. It defeated expert Charles Fenner with a 2016 rating. On April 30, 1978, Chess 4.6 scored 5-0 at the Twin Cities Open in Minneapolis. Chess 4.6 is rated 2040. International Master Edward Lasker stated that year, "My opinion that computers can not play like masters, I am interesting, they are playing really worrying, I know, because I lost the game to 4.7."
David Levy (1978) wag
For a long time in the 1970s and 1980s it remains an open question whether there is a Chess program that will be able to defeat top human skills. In 1968, the International Master David Levy made a well-known bet that no chess computer was able to defeat him within ten years. He won his bet in 1978 by defeating Chess 4.7 (the strongest computer at the time), but admitted that it would not be long before he would be exceeded.
Cray Blitz (1981) Cray Blitz (1981) Cray Blitz (1981)
Cray Blitz (1981) Cray Blitz (1981) Cray Blitz (1981)In 1981, Cray Blitz scored 5-0 at the Mississippi State Championships. In the 4th round, he defeated Joe Sentef (2262) to become the first computer to beat a master in a tournament play and the first computer to get a master rating (2258).
HiTech (1988)
In 1988, HiTech won the Pennsylvania State Chess Championship with a score of 4.5-0.5. HiTech defeated International Master Ed Formanek (2485).
Harvard Cup Man versus Computer Chess Challenge is hosted by Harvard University. There were six challenges from 1989 to 1995. They played in Boston and New York City. In every challenge, humans get higher scores and the highest scorer is human.
The AAA-Machine_Tournaments_ (1986-1997) The Aegon Man-Machine Tournaments (1986-1997)
The 12 Aegon Man-Machine Tournaments are held annually from 1986 to 1997. The Dutch Computer Chess Federation (CSVN) hosts the Aegon Human Machine Tournament in The Hague, The Netherlands. Aegon insurance company organizes tournaments. The same number of people and computers play round tournaments round 6 with all the games between humans and computers. The early tournament was mostly local players and anti-computer tactics specialists. Further tournaments include master and grandmaster. At the start of the tournament, humans won more matches. In the next tournament, the computer won more games.
100 players played in the 1997 tournament. Computers won 151 Ã, ½ points. Man won 148 ½ points. Yona Kosashvili scored the highest goal for man with 6 points from 6 matches. Kallisto scored highest for computers in 4 Ã,½ points.
- Deep Thought (1989)
In 1988, Deep Thought shared the first place with Tony Miles in the Software Toolworks Championship, ahead of former world champion Mikhail Tal and several grandmasters including Samuel Reshevsky, Walter Browne, and Mikhail Gurevich. It also defeated the grandmaster Bent Larsen, making it the first computer to beat the grandmasters in the tournament. Rank for performance in this tournament of 2745 (USCF scale).
In 1989, Levy was defeated by a Deep Thought computer in an exhibition game.
Deep thinking, however, is still very under the World Championship Level, as the world chess champions rule Garry Kasparov showed in two convincing wins in 1989.
Chess Genius (1994)
The "Chess Genius" program was put into the Chess Professionals quick chess tournament in 1994. He defeated and defeated world champion Kasparov but lost to Viswanathan Anand in the next round. This is the first time the computer beat the world champion in the official game, albeit at a fast time control.
Kasparov - Deep Blue ( 1996- 1997)
1996
Kasparov played a six-game match against IBM Deep Blue in 1996. Kasparov lost his first game (Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1), the first time a powerful world champion has lost a computer using regular time control. However, Kasparov reunited to win three and draw two of the five remaining matches of the game, for a convincing 4-2-game win.
1997
In May 1997, the latest version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½ - 2½ in a published six-game match. Kasparov won the first, lost second, and drew the next three. The match even after five games but Kasparov was destroyed in Game 6. This is the first time a computer ever defeated a world champion in a game of matches. A documentary was made about this famous game entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. In the film, Kasparov casually says, "I have to tell you that, you know, two games are not just losing a game, that's the loss of the game, because I can not recover."
It should be noted, however, that in game 6, Kasparov made a blunder at the beginning of the game. Kasparov mentioned the tiredness and unhappiness with the behavior of the IBM team at that time as the main reason.
Kasparov claims that several factors weighed him down on this match. In particular, he was denied access to the recent Deep Blue game, in contrast to a computer team that can learn hundreds of Kasparov.
After losing Kasparov said that he occasionally saw the intelligence and creativity that in the machine movement, indicating that during the second game, the human chess player, contrary to the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it was cheated, saying the only human intervention took place between games. Rules are given for developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they say they use to sustain weaknesses in computer games revealed during the game. Kasparov requested a printout of the machine log file but IBM refused, although the company later published logs on the Internet. Kasparov demanded a rematch, but IBM refused and dismantled Deep Blue.
Kasparov stated that the game was a scientific project, but it soon became clear that IBM wanted to beat it and nothing more than a company ad.
Anand - REBEL (1998)
With increasing processing power, Chess programs running on regular workstations begin to compete with top players. In 1998, Rebel 10 beat Viswanathan Anand who was then ranked second in the world, with a score of 5-3. But most of those games are not played on normal time controls. Of the eight games, four flash games (five minutes plus five seconds Fischer delay (see time control) for each step) This Rebel won 3-1. Then two semi-blitz games (fifteen minutes for each side) are also won by Rebel (1½½). Finally two games played as regular tournament games (forty moves in two hours, an hour suddenly died) here is Anand who won ½ -1½. At least in fast gaming computers play better than humans but on the classical time control - where player ratings are determined - the advantages are not so clear.
Deep_Junior_at_Dortmund_ (2000) "> Deep Junior in Dortmund (2000)
Deep Junior played 9 grandmasters at the Sparkassen Chess Meeting in Dortmund, Germany from July 6 to July 17, 2000. The Sparkassen 2000 Chess Meeting was a 19 category chess tournament. The Deep Junior computer program competed in a round robin format. Deep Junior scored 4.5 in 9 rounds. Deep Junior is ranked 2703.
Kramnik - Deep Fritz (2002)
In October 2002, Vladimir Kramnik (who had succeeded Kasparov as World Class Chess Champion) and Deep Fritz competed in an eight-game Brain match in Bahrain, which ended in a 4-4 draw.
Kramnik was given several advantages in his match against Fritz when compared to Man vs match. Other machines, such as those lost by Kasparov against Deep Blue in 1997. Fritz's code was suspended shortly before the first game and Kramnik was given a copy of Fritz to train together for several months. Another difference is that in a game that lasted more than 56 movements, Kramniks were allowed to postpone until the next day, during which time he could use a copy of Fritz to help him in his overnight analysis of the position.
Kramnik won 2nd and 3rd games with "conventional" anti-computer tactics - playing conservatively for the long-term benefits a computer can not see in its game tree search. Fritz, however, won game 5 after a big mistake by Kramnik. Game 6 is described by tournament commentators as "spectacular." Kramniks, in a better position in the early stages, try a piece of sacrifice to achieve a strong tactical attack, a strategy known to be particularly at risk to computers that are in their strongest defense against such attacks. True to form, Fritz finds watertight defenses and Kramnik attacks subside leave him in a bad position. Kramnik withdrew from the game, believing that his position was lost. However, post-game human and computer analysis has shown that Fritz's program is unlikely to be able to force victory and Kramnik effectively sacrifices the position withdrawn. The last two games are a draw. Given the circumstances, most commentators still rate Kramnik as a stronger player in the match.
Kasparov - Deep Junior (2003)
In January 2003, Kasparov was involved in six classic control matches with a $ 1 million prize fund billed as FIDE "Man vs Machine" World Championships, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluates three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it's up to the last game. The last match of the match was broadcast on ESPN2 and watched by about 200-300 million people. After reaching a decent position, Kasparov offered a draw, which was immediately accepted by Deep Junior's team. Asked why he offered the lottery, Kasparov said he was afraid of making a mistake. Originally planned as an annual event, the game was not repeated.
Kasparov - X3D Fritz (2003)
In November 2003, Kasparov was involved in a four-game match against X3D Fritz's computer program (which is said to have an estimated 2807 rating), using virtual boards, 3D glasses, and voice recognition systems. After two draws and one win each, the X3D Man-Machine match ends with the series. Kasparov received $ 175,000 for the results and brought home the golden cup. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game which made him lose important points. He feels that he has surpassed the whole machine and played well. "I only made one mistake but unfortunately one mistake was lost in the game."
Man vs Machine World Team Championship (2004-2005)
The Man vs Machine World Team Championships are two chess tournaments in Bilbao, Spain, between a prominent chess grandmaster and a chess computer. Both are convincingly won by computers. The second name for the tournament is Man vs. Compatible World Team Computer .
2004
In October 2004, Ruslan Ponomariov (later Elo 2710), Veselin Topalov (Elo 2757) and Sergey Karjakin (Elo 2576) played against computers Hydra, Fritz 8, and Deep Junior. Ponomariov and Topalov are FIDE world chess champions. Sergey Karjakin at the age of 12 is the youngest Grandmaster. Hydra runs a special machine with 16 processors located in Abu Dhabi, UAE; Deep Junior, the reigning computer chess world champion, uses a 4 x 2.8 GHz Xeon engine located at Intel UK (Swindon); and Fritz 8 running on a 1.7 GHz Centrino notebook. Computers won 8.5 to 3.5. Man won one game: Karjakin, the youngest and lowest player, defeated Deep Junior.
- Ponomariov - Hydra 0-1
- Fritz - Karjakin 1-0
- Deep Junior - Topalov 1/2-1/2
- Karjakin - Deep Junior 1-0
- Ponomariov - Fritz 1/2-1/2
- Topalov - Hydra 1/2-1/2
- Deep Junior - Ponomariov 1/2-1/2
- Hydra - Karjakin 1-0
- Fritz - Topalov 1-0
- Hydra - Ponomariov 1-0
- Karjakin - Fritz 0-1
- Topalov - Deep Junior 1/2-1/2
2005
In November 2005, 3 former FIDE chess world champions Alexander Khalifman, Ruslan Ponomariov and Rustam Kasimdzhanov played against computers Hydra, Junior and Fritz. Computers won 8 to 4. Game Ponomariov vs. Fritz on November 21, 2005 was the last known victory by humans against the computer with the best performance under normal chess tournament conditions.
- Ponomariov - Junior 0-1
- Hydra - Kasimdzhanov 1-0
- Fritz - Khalifman 1-0
- Ponomariov - Fritz 1-0
- Kasimdzhanov - Junior 1/2-1/2
- Khalifman - Hydra 1/2-1/2
- Hydra - Ponomariov 1-0
- Fritz - Kasimdzhanov 1/2-1/2
- Junior - Khalifman 1-0
- Ponomariov - Junior 1/2-1/2
- Kasimdzhanov - Hydra 1/2-1/2
- Khalifman - Fritz 1/2-1/2
Hydra - Adams (2005)
In 2005, Hydra, a special chess computer with custom hardware and sixty-four processors and also the winner of the IPCC 14 in 2005, destroying the seventh-ranked Michael Adams 5½ ½ in a six-game match. While Adams was criticized for not preparing as well as Kasparov and Kramnik, some commentators see this as heralding the end of human-computer games.
Kramnik - Deep Fritz (2006)
Kramnik, then still World Champion, played a six-game match against Deep Fritz's computer program in Bonn, Germany from 25 November to 5 December 2006, losing 4-2 from the machine, with two losses and four draws. He received 500,000 Euros to play and will receive another 500,000 Euros if he wins the match. Deep Fritz version 10 uses a computer that contains two Intel Xeon CPUs (Xeon DC 5160 3a processor, GHz with 1333 MHz FSB and 4 MB L2 cache) and is capable of evaluating eight million positions per second. Kramnik received a copy of the program in mid-October for testing, but the latest version included an updated opening book. Except for limited updates to the opening book, the program is not allowed to be changed during the game. The endgame tabloase used by the program is limited to five parts even though the full six-tab tabulation is widely available. While Deep Fritz is in his opening book, Kramnik is allowed to see Fritz's look. Fritz's display contains the movement of the opening book, the number of games, the performance of Elo, the score of the grandmaster game and the moving move.
In the first five games, Kramnik directs the game to a unique "anti-computer" contest. On November 25th, the first game ended with a draw in the 47th move. Some commentators believe Kramnik failed to win. Two days later, the second game resulted in a victory for Deep Fritz, when Kramnik made what might be called "the error of the century" according to Susan Polgar, when she failed to defend herself from the threat posed by her partner even position. ( see also Deep Fritz v. Vladimir Kramnik error). The third, fourth and fifth matches in the match ends with a draw.
In the last game, in an attempt to draw the match, Kramnik played a more aggressive and devastated Sicilian Defense, losing 4-2.
There is speculation that interest in the human-computer chess competition will decline as a result of the 2006 Kramnik-Deep Fritz match. According to McGill University computer science professor Monty Newborn, for example, "science is over." Predictions seem to be true, with no big human computer matches in the next 10 years.
Rybka odds match (2007-2008)
Since 2007 Rybka has played several chances against the grandmasters. Jaan Ehlvest first lost the pawn-odds match, then lost the match when given the time, color, opening, and endgame excellence. Roman Dzindzichashvili then lost the match when given a pawn and a chance to move.
In September 2008, Rybka played an odds match against Vadim Milov, his strongest opponent in the odds game. (Milov at the time had an Elo rating of 2705, 28 in the world). The result is a narrow victory for Milov: He has won 1 ½-½ when given pawnshops and moves, and 2½½ ((1 win, 3 equals) when given exchange opportunities but played black.In two standard games (Milov is white, odds), Rybka won 1 ½½ ½ ½.
In 2009 chess machines run on slower hardware, 528 MHz HD phone HTC Touch HD, reaching the grandmaster level. The phone wins a category 6 tournament with a performance rating of 2898. The Hiarcs 13 chess machine runs inside Pocket Fritz 4 on HTC Touch HD phones. Pocket Fritz 4 won the Copa Mercosur tournament in Buenos Aires, Argentina with 9 wins and 1 draw on 4-14 August 2009. Pocket Fritz 4 looks for less than 20,000 positions per second. This is different from supercomputers like Deep Blue looking for 200 million positions per second. Pocket Fritz 4 achieves a higher performance level than Deep Blue.
Pocket Fritz 3 using version 12.1 of Hiarcs won the same event the previous year with six wins and four draws, running on HP iPAQ hx2790 624 MHz. The Mercosur Cup 2008 is a category 7 tournament. Pocket Fritz 3 achieves a performance rating of 2690.
Komodo Handicap Match (2015)
In 2015, the Komodo Chess machine plays a series of handicap matches with GM Sergej Movsesian, GM Martin Petr, GM Petr Neuman, FM Victor Bolzoni, FM John Meyer, Mark Gray, and FM Larry Gilden. The game includes one pawn, two pawns, an exchange (a fortress for a knight), and a chivalry chance. Komodo fared well in all of these games, attracting the majority, but winning at least one in all configurations.
Computer Machine Winning Freestyle Tournament (2017)
By 2017, Zor chess machines won the freestyle Ultimate Challenge tournament. The best human plus computer is in 3rd position. A player in a freestyle tournament can be a human, computer or team made up of humans and computers. In teams with humans and computers, humans can direct a computer to use a specific strategy for a particular step. Alternatively, humans can choose to move from multiple computers.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments