American Jew , or American Jew , is a Jewish American, whether by religion, ethnicity or nationality. The current Jewish community in the United States consists mainly of Ashkenazi Jews, who descend from the diaspora Jewish population in Central/Eastern Europe and comprises about 90% of the Jewish American population. Most Ashkenazim Americans are born in the US, with the number of previously elderly immigrants, as well as some newly born foreign immigrants.
During the colonial era, before the mass immigration of Ashkenazim, Spanish and Portuguese Jews represented most of the small Jewish American population, and while their descendants were a minority today, they along with other Jewish communities represented the rest of America The Jews , including other Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic communities, and a small number of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community embodies a wide variety of Jewish cultural traditions, covering the entire spectrum of Jewish religious observance.
Depending on the definition of religion and various population data, the United States has the second largest or second largest Jewish community in the world, after Israel. In 2012, the American Jewish population is estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term, which is between 1.7% and 2.6% of the total US population.
Video American Jews
History
The Jews have been present in the Thirteen Colonies since the mid-seventeenth century. However, they were small, with at most 200 to 300 people arriving in 1700. The early settlers were mostly Sephardic Jewish immigrants, from the ancestor of the Western Sephardic (also known as Spanish and Portuguese descent), but by 1720 Ashkenazi Jews from Central and Eastern Europe dominate.
The British Plantation Law of 1740 for the first time allowed the Jews to become British citizens and emigrated to the colony. Although some were denied the ability to choose or hold offices in local jurisdictions, Sephardic Jews became active in public affairs in the 1790s, having reached political equality in the five states where they were the most numerous. Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than elsewhere in North America. Large-scale Jewish immigration began in the 19th century, when, in the middle of the century, many German Jews had arrived, migrating to the United States in large numbers due to antisemit laws and restrictions in their countries of birth. They mainly become merchants and shop owners. There were about 250,000 Jews in the United States in 1880, many of them German Jews educated, and mostly secular, although the minority population of the older Sephardic Jewish family remained influential.
Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution and economic hardship in parts of Eastern Europe. Most of these new immigrants are the Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, mostly from the poor diaspora communities of the Russian Empire and Pale of Settlement, located in modern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. During the same period, a large number of Ashkenazi Jews also came from Galicia, at that time the poorest region of the Austro-Hungarian empire with heavy Jewish city dwellers, driven mainly by economic reasons. Many Jews also emigrated from Romania. More than 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th and 1924 centuries, when the 1924 Immigration Act restricted immigration. Most settled in the New York metropolitan area, building on the main concentration of the Jewish population in the world. By 1915, Yiddish's daily circulation of newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationwide. In addition, thousands of others subscribe to various weekly newspapers and many magazines.
At the beginning of the 20th century, these newly arrived Jews built a support network of many small synagogues and Landsmannschaften (German for "Village Association") for Jews from a city or village same. The American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture, and the Jews quickly became a part of American life. 500,000 American Jews (or half of all Jewish men between 18 and 50) fought in World War II, and after the war of young families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, the Jews became increasingly assimilated and showed an increased mixed marriage. The suburbs facilitated the creation of new centers, since the enrollment of Jewish schools more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, while synagogic affiliations jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960; the fastest growth came in the Reformation and, especially, the Conservative congregation. Newer Jewish emigration waves from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community.
The Jewish Americans have been disproportionately successful in various fields and aspects over the years. The Jewish community in America has gone from minority minority, with most studies putting more than 80% as manual factory workers before World War I and with the majority of fields restricted to them, to richest or richest richest ethnicity in America over the last 40 years in terms of average annual salary, with very high concentrations in academia and other fields, and currently has the highest per capita income of any ethnic group in the United States, roughly double the average income of non-Jewish Americans.
Identity
Scholars debate whether a favorable historical experience for Jews in the United States has been a unique experience to validate America's extraordinary.
Korelitz (1996) shows how American Jews during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries abandoned the Jewish racial definition in favor of one who embraced ethnicity. The key to understanding this transition from racial to cultural or ethnic definition can be found in the Menorah Journal between 1915 and 1925. During this time, contributors to Menorah promote culture, rather than religious, religious, or other views about Jews as a means of defining Jews in a world threatening to overwhelm and absorb Jewish uniqueness. This journal represents the ideals of the menorah movement established by Horace M. Kallen and others to promote the revival of Jewish cultural identity and combat the idea of ​​race as a means of defining or identifying people.
Siporin (1990) uses Jewish ethnic family folklore for their collective history and transformation into historical art forms. They tell us how the Jews survived being revoked and transformed. Many immigrant narratives have arbitrary themes of fate and reduced immigrants in new cultures. By contrast, ethnic family narratives tend to show ethnicity more responsible for their lives, and may be in danger of losing their Jewishness altogether. Some stories show how a family member managed to negotiate a conflict between ethnic and American identity.
After 1960, memories of the Holocaust, along with the Six Day War in 1967 had a major impact on the formation of Jewish ethnic identity. Some argue that the Holocaust gave the Jews a reason for their ethnic differences at a time when other minorities claimed themselves.
Politics
In New York City, while the German Jewish community was established with 'downtown', more and more Jews migrated from Eastern Europe facing 'downtown' tensions with Irish and German Catholic neighbors, especially Irish Catholics who controlled the Democratic Political Party at the time.. The Jews managed to establish themselves in the garment trade and in the needle union in New York. In the 1930s, they were a major political factor in New York, with strong support for New Deal's most liberal programs. They continue as a key element of the New Deal Coalition, providing special support to the Civil Rights Movement. However, in the mid-1960s, the Black Power movement caused a widening divide between blacks and Jews, although both groups remained strong in Democrat camps.
While previous Jewish immigrants from Germany tended to be politically conservative, a wave of Jews from Eastern Europe beginning in the early 1880s, generally more liberal or left-wing and becoming a political majority. Many came to America with experience in the socialist, anarchist and communist movements as well as the Bund Buruh, which came from Eastern Europe. Many Jews rose to positions of leadership in the American labor movement of the early 20th century and helped find a union that played a leading role in left-wing politics and, after 1936, in Democratic Party politics.
Although American Jews generally rely on Republicans in the second half of the 19th century, the majority have voted Democrats since at least 1916, when they voted 55% for Woodrow Wilson.
With the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Jews voted for a stronger Democrat. They voted 90% for Roosevelt in the 1940 and 1944 elections, representing the highest support, just once. In the 1948 election, Jewish support for Democrat Harry S. Truman dropped to 75%, with 15% supporting the new Progressive Party. As a result of the lobby, and hoping to compete better for the voice of the Jews, both platforms have included a pro-Zionist board since 1944, and support the establishment of a Jewish state; that's little effect, with 90% still choosing other than Republic. In every election since, except for 1980, there was no Democratic presidential candidate who won with less than 67% of the Jewish vote. (In 1980, Carter won 45% of Jewish votes. See below.)
During the elections of 1952 and 1956, they voted 60% or more for Democrats Adlai Stevenson, while General Eisenhower collected 40% for reelection; the best show to date for Republicans since Harding 43% in 1920. In 1960, 83% voted Democrat John F. Kennedy against Richard Nixon, and in 1964, 90% of American Jews voted for Lyndon Johnson, on top of his opponent from Republicans, conservative Barry Goldwater. Hubert Humphrey garnered 81% of the Jewish vote in the 1968 election, in his lost bid for the president against Richard Nixon.
During Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, Jewish voters worried about George McGovern and only favored Democrats by 65%, while Nixon more than doubled Jewish Republican support to 35%. In the 1976 election, Jewish voters supported Democrat Jimmy Carter 71% over ruling president Gerald Ford by 27%, but during the Carter election campaign in 1980, Jewish voters greatly ignored Democrats, with only 45% support, while Party winners Republic, Ronald Reagan, collected 39%, and 14% went to independent (former Republican) John Anderson. Many American Jews disagree with the Middle East policy of the Carter administration.
During Reagan's 1984 re-election campaign, Republicans retained 31% of Jewish votes, while 67% voted Democrat Walter Mondale. The 1988 election saw Jewish voters supporting Democrat Michael Dukakis by 64%, while George HW Bush surveyed 35% honorable, but during Bush's 1992 re-election, his Jewish support dropped to just 11%, with 80% of the vote for Bill Clinton. and 9% will be independent Ross Perot. Clinton's re-election campaign in 1996 maintained high Jewish support at 78%, with 16% supporting Robert Dole and 3% for Perot.
In the 2000 presidential election, Joe Lieberman was the first American Jew to run for national office on a large party ticket when he was elected as a candidate for vice-presidential candidate from Al Gore's Democratic Party. The elections of 2000 and 2004 saw continued Jewish support for Al Gore's Democrats and Catholic John Kerry remain in the high range to mid-70%, while President George W. Bush's re-election in 2004 saw Jewish support increase from 19% to 24%.
In the 2008 presidential election, 78% of Jews voted for Barack Obama, who became the first African-American elected president. In addition, 83% of Jews voted for Obama compared to only 34% of white Protestants and 47% of white Catholics, although 67% of those who identified themselves with other religions and 71% identified without religion also voted for Obama.
In February 2016 Democratic Primary of New Hampshire, Bernie Sanders became the first Jewish candidate to win the presidential election of the state.
As American Jews have grown economically from time to time, some commentators wonder why Jews remain so firmly Democrats and have not changed political allegiance to the center or right in the way other economically advanced groups, such as Hispanics and Arab Americans , have.
For congresses and senates, since 1968, American Jews have chosen about 70-80% for Democrats; this support increased to 87% for Democratic House candidates during the 2006 election.
The first American Jew serving in the Senate was David Levy Yulee, who was the first Florida Senator, serving 1845-1851 and again 1855-1861.
In the 114th Congress, there were 10 Jews among the 100 US Senators: nine Democrats (Michael Bennet, Richard Blumenthal, Barbara Boxer, Benjamin Cardin, Dianne Feinstein, Al Franken, Carl Levin, Charles Schumer, Ron Wyden), and Bernie Sanders , who became a Democrat to run for President but returned to the Senate as an Independent.
In the 114th Congress, there were 19 US Jewish Representatives. There were 27 Jews among 435 US representatives at the start of the 112th Congress; 26 Democrats and one (Eric Cantor) Republic. While many of these Members represent coastal and suburban cities with significant Jewish populations, others do not (eg, Gabrielle Giffords of Tucson, Arizona; John Yarmuth of Louisville, Kentucky; Jared Polis of Boulder, Colorado; and Steve Cohen of Memphis, Tennessee). The total number of Jews serving in the House decreased from 31 in the 111th Congress. John Adler of New Jersey, Steve Kagan of Wisconsin, Alan Grayson of Florida, and Ron Klein of Florida all lost their re-election offer, Rahm Emanuel resigned to become Chief of Staff of the President; and Paul Hodes of New Hampshire did not run for re-election but otherwise failed to find his country's open Senate seat. David Cicilline of Rhode Island was the only newly elected American Jew in the 112th Congress; he is Mayor of Providence. The number decreased when Jane Harman, Anthony Weiner, and Gabrielle Giffords resigned during the 112th Congress.
In January 2014, there were five gay men serving in Congress and two Jews: Jared Polis from Colorado and David Cicilline from Rhode Island.
In November 2008, Cantor was elected the Whip Minority DPR, the first Jewish Republican elected to that position. In 2011, he became the Majority Leader of the first Jewish House. He served as Majority Leader until 2014, when he resigned shortly after his loss in the Republican primary vote for his House of Representatives seat.
Participation in the civil rights movement
Members of the American Jewish community have included prominent participants in the civil rights movement. In the mid-20th century, there were American Jews who were one of the most active participants in the Civil Rights Movement and the feminist movement. A number of American Jews have also become active figures in the struggle for gay rights in America.
Joachim Prinz, president of the American Jewish Congress, declared the following when he spoke from a podium at the Lincoln Memorial during the famous March in Washington on August 28, 1963: "As Jews we take to this great demonstration, where thousands of us proudly participate, double experience - one of spirit and one of our history.... From our historical Jewish experience for three and a half thousand years we say: Our ancient history began with slavery and longing for freedom.In the Middle Ages my people lived for a thousand years in the European ghetto.... These are the reasons that it is not just sympathy and compassion for American blacks that motivate us.This, above all and beyond all that sympathy and emotion, a complete sense of identification and solidarity born from our painful historical experience. "
The Holocaust
During the period of World War II, the American Jewish community was bitterly and deeply divided and unable to form a common front. Most Jews from Eastern Europe love Zionism, who look back to their historical homeland as the only solution; this has the effect of diverting attention from the persecution of Jews in Germany. German Jews are wary of the Nazis but insult Zionism. Supporters of the Jewish state and the Jewish army are nervous, but many leaders are very afraid of antisemitism in the United States that they demand that all Jews have a low public profile. One notable development was the sudden conversion of most (but not all) Jewish leaders to Zionism at the end of the war. The Holocaust was largely ignored by American media when it happened. Journalists and editors mostly do not believe the stories of atrocities that come out of Europe.
The Holocaust had an enormous impact on the community in the United States, especially after 1960, when the Jews tried to understand what had happened, and especially to commemorate and grapple when looking into the future. Abraham Joshua Heschel summarized this dilemma when he tried to understand Auschwitz: "To try to answer it is to do the ultimate blasphemy.Her Israel allows us to endure Auschwitz's suffering without radical despair, to feel the rays of God in the forests. "
International relations
Zionism became a well-organized movement in the US with the involvement of leaders like Louis Brandeis and the British promise of a homeland in the Balfour Declaration of 1917. American Jews organized a massive boycott of German merchandise during the 1930s to protest the Nazi government in Germany. Left domestic policy Franklin D. Roosevelt received strong Jewish support in the 1930s and 1940s, as did his foreign anti-Nazi policy and his promotion of the United Nations. Support for political Zionism during this period, though increasingly influential, remained a minority opinion among German Jews until around 1944-45, when early rumors and reports of the systematic mass murder of Jews in German-occupied Europe became publicly known by the liberation of Nazi concentration camps and the camp of extermination. The establishment of Israel in 1948 made the Middle East the center of attention; the recognition of Israel by the American government (after objections by American isolationists) is an indication of both its intrinsic support and influence.
This concern was initially based on the natural and religious affinity of and support for Israel in the Jewish community. Attention is also due to the unresolved and unresolved conflict regarding the establishment of Israel and Zionism itself. A living internal debate began, after the Six Day War. The American Jewish community is divided into whether or not they agree with Israel's response; the vast majority came to accept war as necessary. Tensions arise especially for some of the Jews on the left who see Israel too anti-Soviet and anti-Palestinian. Similar tensions were generated by the 1977 Menachem Begin elections and the emergence of the Revisionist policy, the 1982 Lebanon War and the continuing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The disagreement over 1993 1993 Israeli acceptance of the Oslo Accord led to further disunity among American Jews; this reflects a similar divide among the Israelis and causes a parallel rift in the pro-Israel lobby, and even eventually to the United States for Israel's "blind" support. Leaving aside all the pretensions of unity, the two segments began to develop separate advocacy and lobbying organizations. Liberal supporters The Oslo Agreement works through America for Peace Now (APN), the Israeli Policy Forum (IPF) and other friendly groups to the Labor government in Israel. They tried to convince Congress that American Jews were behind the Agreement and defended the government's efforts to help the PA, including promises of financial aid. In the battle for public opinion, the IPF commissioned a number of polls that showed broad support for Oslo amongst the public.
Contrary to Oslo, conservative alliance groups, such as the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), America For Safe Israel (AFSI), and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) try to balance the liberal power of the Jews. On October 10, 1993, opponents of the Palestinian-Israeli agreement were organized at the American Leadership Conference for a Safe Israel, where they warned that Israel prostrated itself before the "armed thugs", and predicted and that "the thirteenth of September is the date will live in evil ". Some Zionists have also criticized, often in abusive language, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, his foreign ministers and chief architects of the peace treaty. With a highly divided community, AIPAC and the Presidential Conference, assigned to represent the national Jewish consensus, are fighting to keep an antagonistic civilian discourse. Reflecting on these tensions, Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League was asked by the conference to apologize for saying badly to Morton Klein of ZOA. The conference, under whose organizational guidance is responsible for moderating communal discourse, reluctantly criticized some Orthodox spokesmen for attacking Colette Avital, the Labor-appointed Consul General of Labor in New York and a strong supporter of the version of the peace process.
Maps American Jews
Demographics
The Jewish population in the United States is the largest in the world, or second from Israel, depending on the sources and methods used to measure it.
Appropriate population figures vary depending on whether Jews are recorded based on halakhic considerations, or secular, political and ancestral identification factors. There are about 4 million adherents of Judaism in the US in 2001, about 1.4% of the US population. According to the Jewish Agency, for 2017 Israel is home to 6.5 million Jews (49.3% of the world's Jewish population), while the United States contains 5.3 million (40.2%).
In 2012, demographics estimate the core American Jewish population (including religion and non-religion) to 5,425,000 (or 1.73% of the US population by 2012), citing methodological failures in earlier higher estimates. Other sources say the number is around 6.5 million.
The American Jewish Yearbook population survey has placed the number of American Jews at 6.4 million, or about 2.1% of the total population. This figure is much higher than the previous large-scale survey estimates, conducted by National Jewish Population 2000-2001 estimates, which estimate 5.2 million Jews. A 2007 study released by the Steinhardt Institute for Social Research (SSRI) at Brandeis University presents evidence showing that these two figures may be underestimated with the potential of 7.0-7.4 million Jewish Americans. The higher estimate, however, arrives by including all the non-Jewish family members and household members, rather than the person surveyed.
The demographic population of Jewish Americans is characterized by an aging population composition and a low fertility rate significantly below generational replacement.
The 1990 National Jewish Population Survey asked 4.5 million adult Jews to identify their denominations. The national total shows 38% affiliated with the tradition of the Reformation, 35% are Conservative, 6% are Orthodox, 1% is Reconstruction, 10% is related to some other traditions, and 10% say they are "Jewish only." In 2013, the Jewish population survey of Pew Research found that 35% of American Jews were Reform, 18% were Conservative, 10% were Orthodox, 6% belonged to another sect, and 30% did not identify with denominations.
Location
The Ashkenazi Jews, now the vast majority of American Jews, settled first in and around New York City; in the last few decades many have moved to Miami, Los Angeles, and other large metropolitan areas in the South and West. The metropolitan areas of New York City, Los Angeles, and Miami contain almost a quarter of Jews in the world.
According to a study published by demographic and sociologist Ira Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, the distribution of the Jewish population by 2015 is as follows:
Significant Jewish population center
Although the New York City metropolitan area is the second largest Jewish population center in the world (after the Tel Aviv metropolitan area in Israel), the Miami metropolitan area has slightly larger Jewish populations per capita (9.9% compared to New York's 9.3% metropolitan %). Some other major cities have large Jewish communities, including Los Angeles, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Philadelphia. In many metropolitan areas, the majority of Jewish families live in the suburbs. The Greater Phoenix area was home to some 83,000 Jews in 2002, and has grown rapidly. The largest Jewish populations on a per capita basis for the US-based regions are Kiryas Joel Village, New York (over 93% based on home language), Beverly Hills, California (61%), Lakewood Township, New Jersey 59%), the two incorporated areas, Kiryas Joel and Lakewood, have a high concentration of ultra-Orthodox Jews and one incorporated area, Beverly Hills, has a high concentration of non-Orthodox Jews.
The phenomenon of Israeli migration to the US is often called Yerida . The Israeli immigrant community in America is less widespread. The significant Israeli immigrant communities in the United States are in the metropolitan areas of New York City, Los Angeles, Miami and Chicago.
- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development calculated the expatriate rate of 2.9 people per thousand, placing Israel at an intermediate-level expatriate level among the 175 OECD countries examined in 2005.
According to the 2001 National Jewish Survey, 4.3 million American Jews have a strong relationship with the Jewish community, whether religious or cultural.
Distribution of American Jews
According to the Jewish Data Bank of North America, 104 independent districts and cities in 2011 with the largest Jewish community, as a percentage of the population, are:
Assimilation and population change
These parallel themes have facilitated the tremendous economic, political and social success of the American Jewish community, but have also contributed to widespread cultural assimilation. But lately, propriety and assimilation have also become a significant and controversial issue in the modern American Jewish community, with political and religious skepticism.
Although not all Jews disagree with mixed marriages, many members of the Jewish community are concerned that the high rate of interfaith marriages will result in the disappearance of the American Jewish community. Mixed marriage rates have increased from about 6% in 1950 and 25% in 1974, to about 40-50% in 2000. By 2013, inter-tribe marriage rates increased to 71% for non-Orthodox Jews. This, in combination with the relatively low birth rate in the Jewish community, has led to a 5% decline in the Jewish population in the United States in the 1990s. In addition to this, when compared to the general American population, the American Jewish community is slightly older.
A third of married couples out of wedlock provide their children with Jewish education, and do so more commonly among married families who raise their children in areas with high Jewish populations. The Boston area, for example, is remarkable where it is estimated that 60% of children from intermarriages are being raised by Jews, which means that mixed marriages will actually contribute to a net increase in Jewish numbers. In addition, some children raised through mixed marriages rediscover and embrace their Jewish roots when they are themselves married and have children.
In contrast to ongoing assimilation trends, some American Jewish communities, such as Orthodox Jews, have significantly higher birth rates and lower mixed marriage rates, and are growing rapidly. The proportion of Orthodox Jewish synagogue members rose from 11% in 1971 to 21% in 2000, while the Jewish community as a whole declined in number. In 2000, there were 360,000 people called "ultra-orthodox" (Haredi) Jews in the US (7.2%). The figure for 2006 is estimated at 468,000 (9.4%). Data from the Pew Center show that by 2013, 27% of American Jews under the age of 18 live in orthodox homes, a dramatic increase from 18 to 29 year-old Jews, only 11% of them are Orthodox. The UJA Federation of New York reported that 60% of Jewish children in the New York City area live in Orthodox homes. In addition to saving and sharing, many Ultra Orthodox communities rely on government assistance to support high birth rates and large families. The Hasidic village of New Square, New York received Section 8 housing subsidies at a higher rate than the rest of the area, and half of the population in the Hasidic village of Kiryas Joel, New York received food stamps, while a third received Medicaid. However, the Modern Orthodox (which accounts for 31% of the total American Orthodox population) is generally very prosperous, with an average annual income of $ 158,000, according to a report by Nishma Research.
About half of American Jews are considered religious. Of these 2,831,000 religious Jews, 92% are non-Hispanic whites, 5% Hispanics (Most common from Argentina, Venezuela, or Cuba), 1% Asian (Most Bukharian and Persian Jews), 1% Black and 1% Other (mixed race etc..). There are hardly any non-religious Jews in the United States, the proportion of whites is higher than the religious population.
Subgroup
The Jews and the American race
Many American Jews identify as white, a somewhat debated label in the community, with many people choosing to identify only as Jewish. Some commentators have observed that "many American Jews maintain ambivalence about whiteness". Karen Brodkin explains this ambivalence as rooted in anxiety about the potential loss of Jewish identity, especially beyond the intellectual elite. Similarly, Kenneth Marcus observes a number of ambivalent cultural phenomena recorded by other scholars, and concludes that "the white layer has not yet definitely established the American Jewish racial construction". The relationship between American Jews and the white majority identity continues to be described as "complicated".
In 2013, the Pew Research Center Portrait of Jewish Americans found that over 90% of Jews who responded to their survey described themselves as non-Hispanic whites, 2% as black, 3% as Hispanic, and 2% of other racial or ethnic backgrounds.
African American Jews and other American Jews of African descent
The American Jewish community includes African-American Jews and other African-American Jews, a definition that excludes North American African Jews, currently classified by the US Census as whites (though a new category has been recommended by the Census Bureau for 2020 census). Estimates of the number of African American Jews in the United States range from 20,000 to 200,000. Jews of African descent belong to all American Jewish denominations. Like their white Jewish counterparts, some Black Jews are atheists.
Leading African-American Jews include Lisa Bonet, Sammy Davis, Jr., Rashida Jones, Yaphet Kotto, Jordan Farmar, Taylor Mays, and Rabbis Capers Funnye and Alysa Stanton.
The relationship between African American Jews and other American Jews is generally friendly. Nevertheless, there are differences of opinion with certain minorities of the Hebrew Black Jewish community of African Americans who consider themselves, but not other Jews, to be the true descendants of the ancient Israelites. The Hebrew Black Israelis were not generally regarded as members of the mainstream Jewish community, as they had not yet formally converted to Judaism, or were ethnically unrelated to other Jews. One such group, Israelite Hebrew Israel from Jerusalem, emigrated to Israel and was granted permanent residence status there.
Socioeconomics
Education plays a major role as part of Jewish identity; as the Jewish culture puts a special premium on it and emphasizes the importance of cultivating intellectual pursuits, scholarships and learning, American Jews as a group tend to be more educated and earn more than Americans as a whole. American Jews also have an average of 14.7 years of schooling making them the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the United States.
Forty-four percent (55% of Jewish Reforms) reported family income of more than $ 100,000 compared with 19% of all Americans, with the next highest group being Hindus at 43%. And while 27% of Americans have had four-year university or graduate education, fifty-nine percent (66% Jewish Reforms) of American Jews, the second highest of any religious group after Hindu Americans. 75% of American Jews have achieved some form of post-secondary education if a two-year college and university certificate and diploma are included.
31% of American Jews hold a bachelor's degree, this figure is compared to the general American population in which 11% of Americans hold a bachelor's degree. The work of white-collar professionals appeals to Jews and many societies tend to take professional white-collar careers that require higher education that involves formal credentials in which the honor and reputation of professional work is greatly appreciated in Jewish culture. While 46% of Americans work in professional and managerial jobs, 61% of American Jews work as professionals, many of whom are highly educated, salaried professionals whose work is mostly self-directed in management, professional, and related occupations such as engineering, science, medicine, investment banking, finance, law and academia.
Most American Jewish communities lead middle-class lifestyles. While the average household net worth of an average American family is $ 99,500, among American Jews the figure is $ 443,000. In addition, the average American Jewish income is estimated to be in the range of $ 97,000 to $ 98,000, almost twice that of the national median of America. One of these two statistics can be confounded by the fact that the average Jewish population is older than any other religious group in the country, with 51% of adults surveyed above the age of 50 compared to 41% nationally. Older people tend to have higher incomes and are better educated.
While the average income of American Jews is high, there is still a small pockets of poverty. In the New York area, there are about 560,000 Jews living in poor or near-poor households, representing about 20% of the New York metropolitan community. The most affected are the children, the elderly, immigrants from the former Soviet Union and the Orthodox family.
According to analysis by Gallup, American Jews have the highest welfare of any ethnic or religious group in America.
Most Jewish students of school age attend public schools, though Jewish and yeshiva day schools can be found throughout the country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew teaching are also usually offered in the synagogue in the form of additional Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.
From the early 1900s to the 1950s, the quota system was enacted in elite colleges and universities especially in the Northeast, in response to the growing number of children of recent Jewish immigrants; this limits the number of Jewish students received, and greatly reduces their previous presence. Jewish registration at Cornell School of Medicine fell from 40% to 4% between world wars, and Harvard fell from 30% to 4%. Before 1945, only a few Jewish professors were allowed as instructors at the elite university. In 1941, for example, antisemitism encouraged Milton Friedman from a non-tenured assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Harry Levin became the first full Jewish professor in the British Harvard department in 1943, but the Economy department decided not to hire Paul Samuelson in 1948. Harvard hired his first Jewish biochemist in 1954.
Today, American Jews no longer face discrimination in higher education they have done in the past, especially in the Ivy League. For example, in 1986, a third of the elite elite club president at Harvard were Jews. Rick Levin has been president of Yale University since 1993, Judith Rodin was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2004 (and currently the President of the Rockefeller Foundation), Paul Samuelson's nephew Lawrence Summers, president of Harvard University from 2001 to the present. 2006, and Harold Shapiro was president of Princeton University from 1992 to 2000.
American Jew in American higher education institution
Religion
Jewishness in the United States is considered an ethnic identity as well as a religion. Check out the Etnoreligius group.
Warnings and engagements
Jewish religious practices in America are quite varied. Among the 4.3 million Jewish Americans described as "closely related" to Judaism, over 80% report some sort of active involvement with Judaism, ranging from attendance at daily prayer services at one end of the spectrum to as little as the presence of Passover Seder or Hanukkah illumination. candles on the other side.
Poll Harris 2003 found that 16% of American Jews go to the synagogue at least once a month, 42% less often but at least once a year, and 42% less frequently than once a year.
The survey found that of the 4.3 million highly connected Jews, 46% came from the synagogue. Among the synagogue households, 38% were members of the Reform synagogue, 33% Conservative, 22% Orthodox, 2% Reconstructionist, and 5% others. Traditionally, Sephardic and Mizrahis have no distinct branches (Orthodox, Conservative, Reformation, etc.) but usually remain observant and religious. The survey found that Jews in the Northeast and Midwest were generally more observant than Jews in the South or West. Reflecting a trend that is also observed among other religious groups, Jews in the northwestern United States are usually the least thorough.
In recent years, there has been a striking trend of secular Jewish Americans returning to the more observant, in many cases, Orthodox, lifestyles. Such Jews are called baalei teshuva ("the returning", see also Repentance in Judaism).
The 2008 American Religious Identification Survey found that some 3.4 million American Jews call themselves religious - from a general Jewish population of about 5.4 million. The number of Jews who identify themselves as Jews who have culturally increased from 20% in 1990 to 37% in 2008, according to the study. In the same period, the number of all US adults who say they have no religion increases from 8% to 15%. Jews are more likely to be seculars than Americans in general, the researchers said. About half of all US Jews - including those who consider themselves religious - state in the survey that they have a secular world view and see no contradiction between that view and their beliefs, according to the study's authors. The researchers linked the trend among American Jews with high levels of mixed marriage and "dissatisfaction of Judaism" in the United States.
About one-sixth of American Jews maintain halal dietary standards.
Religious belief
American Jews are more likely to be atheist or agnostic than most Americans, especially compared to Protestants or Catholics. The 2003 poll found that while 79% of Americans believe in God, only 48% of American Jews, compared with 79% and 90% for Catholics and Protestants. While 66% of Americans say they are "absolutely sure" of the existence of God, 24% of American Jews say the same thing. And although 9% of Americans believe there is no God (8% Catholic and 4% Protestant), 19% of American Jews believe God does not exist.
Poll Harris 2009 shows the American Jews as the most evolved religious group, with 80% believing in evolution, compared with 51% for Catholics, 32% for Protestants, and 16% of born-again Christians. They also do not believe in supernatural phenomena such as miracles, angels, or heaven.
A Pew Research Center report in 2013 found that 1.7 million American Jewish adults, 1.6 million of them grew up in Jewish homes or had Jewish ancestors, identified as Christians or Messianic Jews but also considered themselves Jewish. As many as 700,000 other American Christian adults consider themselves "Jews by affinity" or "grafted" Jews.
Buddhism
The Jews are represented in American Buddhism specifically among those whose parents are not Buddhists, and without Buddhist inheritance, with between one-fifth and 30% of all American Buddhists identifying Jews even though only 2% of Americans are Jews. Dubbed Jubu , more and more American Jews have begun to adopt Buddhist spiritual practices, while at the same time continuing to identify and practice Judaism. Notable Jewish American Jews include: Robert Downey, Jr. Allen Ginsberg, Goldie Hawn and daughter Kate Hudson, Steven Seagal, Adam Yauch of The Beastie Boys rap group, and Garry Shandling. Filmmaker Coen Brothers has been influenced by Buddhism too for a while.
Contemporary politics
Today, American Jews are a distinctive and influential group in the politics of the nation. Jeffrey S. Helmreich writes that the ability of American Jews to influence this through political or financial influence is too high, that the main influence lies in the pattern of group selection.
"Jews have devoted themselves to politics with an almost religious spirit," wrote Mitchell Bard, adding that Jews have the highest percentage of voters voting from any ethnic group (84% reported being registered to vote).
Although the majority (60-70%) of Jews in the country identify as Democrats, the Jews reach the political spectrum, with those with higher levels of obedience far more likely to vote for the Republic than their less conscientious and secular counterparts.
Due to the high Democratic identification in the 2008 US Presidential Elections, 78% of Jews voted Democrat Barack Obama versus 21% for Republican John McCain, although Republicans tried to link Obama with both Muslim and pro-Palestinian causes. It has been suggested that Sarah Palin's conservative view of social issues may have driven the Jews away from McCain-Palin tickets. In the 2012 US presidential elections, 69% of Jews elect President Obama in power.
Foreign policy
American Jews have shown a very strong interest in foreign affairs, especially regarding Germany in the 1930s, and Israel since 1945. Both parties have made strong commitments to support Israel. Dr Eric Uslaner of the University of Maryland argues, in connection with the 2004 elections: "Only 15% of Jews say that Israel is a key voting matter." Of those voters, 55% chose Kerry (compared to 83% of Jewish voters not concerned with Israel). "Uslander goes on to point out that Evangelical Christian negative views have a clear negative impact on the Republicans among Jewish voters, while Orthodox Jews are traditionally more conservative in their view of social affairs, preferably Republicans. The New York Times article states that the Jewish movement to the Republicans is heavily focused on religious issues, similar to Catholic voices, which are credited for helping President Bush take Florida in 2004. However, Natan Guttman, the head the Washington bureau, putting aside this idea, writes in Mom that while it is true that Republicans are making small and steady steps into the Jewish community... looking at the last three decades of the more reliable poll rather than pre-election polls, and the numbers are clear: the Jews voted very Democrat, "a statement confirmed by the results of the latest presidential election.
Although some critics allege that Jewish interests are partly responsible for the impetus to wage war with Iraq, Jewish Americans are actually stronger against the Iraq war from scratch than other religious groups, or even most Americans. Greater opposition to war is not only a result of high Democratic identification among US Jews, since Jews of all political beliefs are more likely to oppose war than non-Jews who share the same political tendencies.
Domestic Issues
The 2013 Pew Research Center survey shows that the American Jewish view of domestic politics is related to the self-definition of society as a persecuted minority benefiting from freedom and shifting society in the United States and feels obliged to help other minorities enjoy the same benefits.. American Jews across ages and gender lines tend to vote and support politicians and policies supported by the Democratic Party. On the other hand, American Orthodox Jews have a domestic political outlook that is more akin to their Christian religious neighbors.
American Jews largely support LGBT rights with 79% responding in a Pew 2011 poll that homosexuality should be "accepted by society". The split on homosexuality is based on the degree of obedience. Reform of rabbis in America performs same-sex marriage as a routine matter, and there are fifteen LGBT Jewish congregations in North America. Reform, Reconstruction and, increasingly, Conservative, Jews are much more supportive on issues such as gay marriage than Orthodox Jews. A 2007 survey of Conservative Jewish leaders and activists indicated that the vast majority support gay rabbinical ordination and same-sex marriage. Thus, 78% of Jewish voters rejected Proposition 8, a bill banning gay marriage in California. There are no other ethnic or religious groups who strongly oppose it.
In considering the trade-off between economic and environmental protection, American Jews are significantly more likely than other religious groups (except Buddhism) to support stronger environmental protection.
Jews in America are also strongly opposed to the current US cannabis policy. Eighty-six percent of American Jews oppose the arrest of non-violent cannabis smokers, compared with 61% for the general population and 68% of all Democrats. In addition, 85% of Jews in the United States oppose the use of federal law enforcement to shut down patient cooperatives for medical marijuana in countries where medical marijuana is legal, compared to 67% of the general population and 73% of Democrats.
A Pew Research 2014 survey titled "How Americans Feel About Religious Groups", found that Jews were considered the most beneficial of all other groups, ranked 63 out of 100. Jews were considered the most positive by fellow Jews, followed by white Evangelical. Sixty percent of the 3,200 people surveyed said they had met a Jew.
American Jewish Culture
Since the time of the great wave of Jewish immigration to America (more than 2,000,000 Jews from Eastern Europe who arrived between 1890 and 1924), the Jewish secular culture in the United States has been integrated in virtually every respect with the wider American culture. Many aspects of American Jewish culture, in turn, become part of a broader culture of the United States.
Language
Most of the Jews of America today are native English speakers. Other languages ​​are still used in some American Jewish communities, communities representing various Jewish ethnic divisions from around the globe united to form the American Jewish population.
Many Hasidic Jews of America, exclusively Ashkenazi descendants, grew up speaking in Yiddish. Yiddish was once spoken as the main language by most of the several million Ashkenazi Jews who immigrated to the United States. That is, in fact, the original language in which The Forward was published. Yiddish has an influence on American English, and the words borrowed from it include chutzpah ("vagueness", "bile"), nosh ("snack"), schlep ("drag"), schmuck ("annoying, cruel", euphemism for "penis"), and, depending on ideology, hundreds of other terms. (See also Yinglish.)
The Persian Jewish community in the United States, especially large communities in and around Los Angeles and Beverly Hills, California, mainly speaks Persian (see also Judeo-Persian) at home and synagogue. They also support their own Persian language newspaper. Persian Jews also live in eastern New York such as Kew Gardens and Great Neck, Long Island.
Many new Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union speak mainly of Russians at home, and there are some prominent communities where public and business life is carried out mainly in Russia, such as in Brighton Beach in New York City and Sunny Isles Beach in Florida. The 2010 estimate of the number of Jewish-speaking Russian-speaking Russian households in the New York City area is about 92,000, and the number of people somewhere between 223,000-350,000. Other high Jewish Russian populations can be found in the Richmond District of San Francisco where the Russian market stands beside many Asian businesses.
American Bukharan Jews speak Bukhori, Persian dialect, and Russian. They publish their own newspapers such as the Bukharian Times and most live in Queens, New York. Forest Hills in the New York City Queens district is home to 108th Street, called by some "Bukharian Broadway", references to many shops and restaurants found in and around the Bukharian-influenced street. Many Bukhari are also represented in parts of Arizona, Miami, Florida, and Southern California regions such as San Diego.
Classical Hebrew is the language of most Jewish religious literature, such as the Tanakh (Bible) and Siddur (prayerbook). Modern Hebrew is also the main official language of the modern State of Israel, which further encourages many to study it as a second language. Some recent Israeli immigrants to America speak Hebrew as their primary language.
There is a diversity of Hispanic Jews living in America. The oldest community is the Sephardic Jewish community in New Netherland. Their ancestors had fled from Spain or Portugal during the Inquisition for the Netherlands, and then came to New Holland. Though there is a dispute whether they should be considered Hispanic. Some Hispanic Jews, especially in Miami and Los Angeles, immigrated from Latin America. The largest group are those who fled from Cuba after the communist revolution (known as the Jew), the Argentine Jews, and more recently, the Venezuelan Jews. Argentina is a Latin American country with the largest Jewish population. There are a large number of synagogues in the Miami area that provide services in Spanish. The last Hispanic Jewish community is those who recently came from Portugal or Spain, after Spain and Portugal granted citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled during the Inquisition. All of the Hispanic Jewish groups mentioned above speak in Spanish or Ladino.
American Jewish Literature
Although American Jews have contributed greatly to American art as a whole, there remains a clear American Jewish literature. American Jewish literature often explores the experience of being Jewish in America, and the contradictory pull of society and secular history.
Popular culture
The Yiddish theater was well attended, and provided a training ground for players and producers who moved to Hollywood in the 1920s. Many of the early moguls and pioneers of Hollywood were Jews. They play a role in the development of radio and television networks, typed by William S. Paley who runs CBS. Stephen J. Whitfield stated that "The old Sarnoff family was dominant on NBC."
Many individual Jews have made significant contributions to American popular culture. There are many American Jewish actors and players, ranging from early 1900s actors, Hollywood classic movie stars, and culminate in many of today's known actors. The American comedy area includes many Jews. Warisan also includes songwriters and writers, such as songwriter "Viva Las Vegas" Doc Pomus, or Billy the Kid composer Aaron Copland. Many Jews have been at the forefront of women's issues.
Government and military
Since 1845, a total of 34 Jews have served in the Senate, including the 14 present-day senators mentioned above. Judah P. Benjamin was the first Jewish Senator to practice, and would later serve as Secretary of the Confederation of War and Secretary of State during the Civil War. Rahm Emanuel served as Chief of Staff for President Barack Obama. The number of elected Jews in the House increased to 30 percent. Eight Jews have been appointed to the United States Supreme Court, three of whom (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Elena Kagan) are currently serving. If Merrick Garland 2016 nominations have been accepted, that number will increase to four from nine.
The Civil War marks a transition for American Jews. It kills the antisemitic canard, widespread in Europe, for the effect that cowardly Jews, preferring to flee the war rather than serving alongside their fellow citizens in battle.
At least twenty-eight American Jews have been awarded the Medal of Honor.
World War II
More than 550,000 Jews served in the US military during World War II; about 11,000 were killed and more than 40,000 wounded. There are three Medal of Honor recipients, 157 recipients of the Army's Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Cross, or Navy Cross, and about 1,600 Silver Star receivers. Around 50,000 decorations and other awards were given to Jewish military personnel, totaling 52,000 decorations. During this period, Jews accounted for about 3.3 percent of the total US population but constituted about 4.23 percent of the US armed forces. Approximately 60 percent of all Jewish physicians in the United States under the age of 45 years in service as military and medical doctors.
Many Jewish physicists, including project leader J. Robert Oppenheimer, were involved in the Manhattan Project, the secret attempt of World War II to develop atomic bombs. Many of them are refugees from Nazi Germany or from antisemit repression elsewhere in Europe.
American folk music
The Jews have been involved in American music since the end of the nineteenth century; it tends to be a refugee from Central and Eastern Europe, and is economically far less fortunate than the established Western and Western settlers of Western religion and Sephardik. Historians see it as a legacy of secular Yiddish theater, a tradition of worship and a desire to assimilate. In the 1940s the Jews had become established in the American music scene.
Examples of the great influence that Jews have on the American folk music arena include, but are not limited to: Moe Asch who first recorded and released many Woody Guthrie music, including "This Land Is Your Land" (see Asch Recordings) in response to " God Bless America "Irving Berlin, and Guthrie wrote Jewish songs. Guthrie married a Jew and their son, Arlo, became influential in himself. Aslan's one-man corporation Folkways Records also released a lot of Leadbelly and Pete Seeger music from the '40s and '50s. Asch's great music catalog was voluntarily donated to the Smithsonian.
Three of the four creators of Newport People's Festival, Wein, Bikel and Grossman (Seeger are not) are Jews. Albert Grossman gathers Peter, Paul, and Maryam, where Yarrow is a Jew. Oscar Brand, of the Canadian Jewish family, has the longest radio program "Festival Folksong Oscar Brand" which has been broadcasted in succession since 1945 from NYC. And it is the first American broadcast in which the host himself will answer any personal correspondence.
The influential group The Weavers, successor Almanac Singers, led by Pete Seeger, has a Jewish manager, and 2 of the 4 members of the group are Jews (Gilbert and Hellerman). Side B of "Good Night Irene" has a personally selected Hebrew folk song for recording by Pete Seeger "Tzena, Tzena, Tzena".
Influential folk music magazine Sing Out! was founded and edited by Irwin Silber in 1951, and edited by him until 1967, when the magazine stopped publishing for decades. The first music fan of Rolling Stone magazine Jon Landau is of German Jewish descent. Izzy Young who created the legendary Folklore Center in NY, and currently Folklore Centrum near Mariatorget in SÃÆ'¶dermalm, Sweden, which deals with American and Swedish folk music.
Dave Van Ronk observed that behind the scenes the folk scene of the 1950s was "at least 50 percent Jewish, and they adopted music as part of their assimilation into the Anglo-American tradition which itself was largely artificial but none the less provided us with some similarity ".
Financial services
Jews have been involved in financial services since colonial times. They received the right to trade feathers, from Dutch and Swedish colonies. The British governor respects these rights after taking over. During the Revolutionary War, Haym Solomon helped create the first semi-central bank in America, and suggested Alexander Hamilton build the American financial system.
American Jews of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries played a major role in developing the American financial services industry, both in investment banks and investment funds. German Jewish bankers began to take a leading role in American finances in the 1830s when public and private loans to pay for canals, trains and other internal improvements increased rapidly and significantly. Men such as August Belmont (Rothschild agents in New York and leading Democrats), Philip Speyer, Jacob Schiff (in Kuhn, Loeb & Company), Joseph Seligman, Philip Lehman (from Lehman Brothers), Jules Bache, and Marcus Goldman (from Goldman Sachs) describes this financial elite. Like their non-Jewish friends, family, personal, and connecting
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments