On September 11, 2001, 19 Arab-Muslim hijackers controlled four commercial aircraft and used them as suicide weapons in a series of four coordinated acts of terrorism to attack the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and an additional target in Washington, DC Two planes crashed into the World Trade Center while the third hit the Pentagon. However, one plane never got to its target; it falls on the pitch in Pennsylvania because the passengers fight. The intended target is believed to be the United States Capitol or the White House. As a result, 2,977 victims were killed, making it the deadliest terrorist attack on US soil; also the deadliest foreign attack on US soil, surpassing Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, which killed 2,403 casualties. It was carefully planned by al-Qaeda, which sent 19 terrorists to take over Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 aircraft, operated by American Airlines and United Airlines.
Video Planning of the September 11 attacks
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The origins of al-Qaeda date back to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Immediately after the invasion, Osama bin Laden went to Afghanistan and helped organize the Arab mujahidin. Together with Abdullah Azzam, a Palestinian-Jordanian who influenced bin Laden, they formed Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK) in 1984, to provide support to Arab mujahideen who came to join jihad in Afghanistan.
Toward the end of the 1980s, the Soviets retreated in defeat. Bin Laden and Azzam discussed the future of MAK and what to do with the strength of the mujahideen that had been built. Bin Laden and Azzam want to use that power as a "quick reaction force" to defend oppressed Muslims around the world. Bin Laden wanted to train the Mujahideen in terrorist tactics, while Azzam strongly disagreed with this approach, issuing a fatwa that said it would violate Islamic law. Azzam reiterated the hadith that ordered Muslims not to kill women or children.
In November 1989, as soon as bin Laden and Azzam split, Azzam was killed in Peshawar, Pakistan. Azzam and his two sons traveled to Jummah (Friday prayers) when bombs controlled by the remote detonated and killed them. It is not known exactly whether bin Laden was behind this, but thought it was impossible. However, bin Laden is free to take full control of MAK, laying the foundation for al-Qaeda. Under the guidance of Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical.
In 1991, bin Laden moved to Sudan, where he led operations in East Africa, including the 1993 attack on US troops in Mogadishu in Somalia. Under international pressure, Sudan forced bin Laden out of Sudan in 1996, and he returned to Afghanistan.
Ideology
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 marked the point at which bin Laden turned his attention to the United States. He strongly urged the Saudi regime not to host 500,000 US troops, instead advocating the use of mujahideen forces to drive out Iraq. Bin Laden firmly opposes the presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia. He interprets the Prophet Muhammad as forbidding "the permanent presence of infidels in Arabia". This prompted bin Laden to attack US military targets in Saudi Arabia. Also, the date chosen for the 1998 embassy bombing in Canada (7 August), was eight years on the day when American troops were deployed to Saudi Arabia.
Bin Laden also stated that he viewed the Saud House (Saudi royal family) as apostate. In Islam, allegations of apostasy are made against Muslims who have become disbelievers and reject Islam. Bin Laden also opposed the alliance with the Kuwaiti, Jordanian and Egyptian governments.
He views the Israelites as unbelievers who are not accepted in "Muslim lands". He objected to US foreign policy in relation to Israel. He noted that key figures Madeleine Albright, Sandy Berger, and William Cohen, all Jews, "made Washington's policy unambiguously pro-Israel" during the Clinton administration.
Fatwa
In 1996, Bin Laden issued a fatwa, calling on the US military to leave Saudi Arabia. In Islam, a fatwa can only be granted by an Islamic scholar; However, Osama bin Laden is a political fighter who uses Islam to motivate his combatants. The 1998 US Embassy bombing marked a turning point, with bin Laden intent on attacking US Bin Laden issued another fatwa in February 1998, along with Ayman al Zawahiri, declared war on Bin Laden US saying "We do not need to distinguish between military or civilian. we know they [America] are all targets. "Bin Laden cited complaints including the presence of US infidels in Saudi Arabia's sacred ground, the suffering of the Iraqi people due to sanctions imposed after the Persian Gulf War, and US support for Israel. In a December 1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai, bin Laden repeated his ideology and rejected the US military presence in Saudi Arabia. He stated that the US was "too close to Mecca", which he considered a provocation throughout the Muslim world. He also believes that Israel "kills and punishes Palestinians with American money and American weapons."
Maps Planning of the September 11 attacks
The origins of the September 11 attacks
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed first presented the idea for the September 11 plot to bin Laden in 1996 in Afghanistan. However, no ideas appeared at the time.
According to the Sept. 11 Commission, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed envisioned the hijacking of twelve aircraft on both the East and West coasts, and for eleven of them would hit the World Trade Center and Empire State Building in New York City; Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia; Prudential Tower in Boston, Massachusetts; The White House and the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C; the Willis Tower (later Sears Tower) in Chicago, Illinois; US Bank Tower (then the Library Tower) in Los Angeles, California; Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, California; and the Columbia Center in Seattle, Washington.
In December 1998, the Center's Central Counterterrorist Center Director reported to President Bill Clinton that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the US, including training personnel to hijack the plane.
At the end of 1998 or early 1999, Osama summoned Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to Kandahar and agreed to let Mohammed advance with the plan.
A series of meetings took place in the spring of 1999, involving Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden, and his deputy Mohammed Atef. Bin Laden recommended four people for the plot, including Nawaf al-Hazmi, Khalid al-Mihdhar, Asid's betrayal Muhammad Salih Bin (Khallad), and Abu Bara al-Taizi. Al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar are both Saudi citizens, making it easier for them to obtain US visas. Khallad and al-Taizi are both Yemeni citizens, so can not easily obtain visas to the United States. Both Yemenis are assigned to the Asian component of the plot. When Mohamed Atta and other members of the Hamburg cell arrived in Afghanistan, bin Laden was involved in selecting them for the plot, and commissioned Atta to become a leader.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is the head of al-Qaeda's 'military committee'. He provides operational support, such as selecting targets and helping organize trips for the hijackers. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed explained to Fouda, "We have a large surplus of brothers who are willing to die as martyrs.When we study various targets, nuclear facilities appear as a key choice"... but the nuclear targets are dropped because of fears the plan will be " control. "
Hamburg cell
Mohamed Atta, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Marwan al-Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah came into the picture in 1999, when they arrived in Kandahar from Germany. The Hamburg cell was formed starting in 1998 shortly after Mohammed got approval from al-Qaeda leaders for his plot. Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Said Bahaji, Zakariyah Essabar, and fifteen others were all members.
Mohamed Atta is very religious, but not so fanatical that when he came to Germany in the fall of 1992 to study city planning at the Technical University of Hamburg. While in Germany, he was attracted to the Al-Quds Mosque in Hamburg, which adopted the "Sunni Islam" version of "hard, uncompromising, and very militant". A friend from Atta who was summoned met him at Al-Quds mosque in 1993, though it was not known when he started going there. Atta always lived as a strict Muslim, but after a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1995, she returned to Germany more than a fanatic than before. Also in late 1997, Mohamed Atta told his roommate that he was going to Mecca, but he most likely went to Afghanistan. Atta had been on a pilgrimage to Mecca 18 months earlier. According to Al Jazeera journalist Yosri Fouda, Atta went to the mosque around this time "not to pray but to sign his death will." He is known to have attended al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan in 1999 and 2000.
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, also under the name of "Ramzi Omar", is a Yemeni resident. In 1995, he came to Germany seeking asylum, claiming to be a political refugee from Sudan. The judge rejected the asylum request, and bin al-Shibh returned to Hadramawt territory in Yemen. Bin al-Shibh then received a German visa under his real name, and came to Germany in 1997. There, he met Mohamed Atta, the Hamburg cell leader, in a mosque. For two years, Atta and bin al-Shibh were roommates in Germany. In late 1999, bin al-Shibh went to Kandahar in Afghanistan, where he received training in al-Qaeda training camps, and met with others involved in planning the 9/11 attacks. The initial plan of the 9/11 attacks called for bin al-Shibh to be one of the hijacking pilots, along with Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, and Ziad Jarrah. From Hamburg, Germany, bin al-Shibh applied for taking flight training in the United States. At that time, he also signed up for Aviation Language Services, which provides language training for student pilots. Bin al-Shibh applied for a US entry visa four times and was rejected each time. He made visa applications in Germany on May 17, 2000, and again in June, September 16, and October 25, 2000. According to the 9/11 Commission, the rejection of this visa was not of general concern by US officials that people from Yemen were illegally will extend their visit and find employment in the United States. Her friend, Zakariyah Essabar, was also denied her visa. After he failed to enter the United States, bin al-Shibh took on more of the "coordinator" role in the plot, and the relationship between Atta in the United States and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in Afghanistan.
Marwan al-Shehhi came to Bonn, Germany in 1996 with a scholarship from the United Arab Emirates Army to study marine engineering. Al-Shehhi met Atta in 1997, and in 1998, he moved to Hamburg to join Atta and bin al-Shibh. As the son of a religiously trained father, al-Shehhi is very religious, educated in Islam, and adheres to a strict form of faith. However, he has a more friendly personality, more funny than Atta, which is very serious and more closed.
Ziad Jarrah came from Lebanon to Germany in April 1996, where he enrolled in a junior college in Greifswald. There, he meets his girlfriend, Aysel Senguen, a medical student. In late 1996, Jarrah began to become radical in his religious views. In September 1997, he moved to the Technical University of Hamburg to study aircraft engineering. In the summer of that year, he worked at a painting factory for Volkswagen in Wolfsburg.
Other members of the Hamburg cell include Said Bahaji, who came to Germany in 1995. He was born there but moved to Morocco at the age of 9. In 1996, Said Bahaji enrolled in an electrical engineering program at the engineering university. She spends her days at student homes and weekends at her aunt's house, Barbara Arens. Arens, his "tech aunt", stopped a weekend visit when he saw his religious beliefs become more radical.
Option for plot 11 September
In 1999, the group decided to go to Chechnya to fight. While still in Germany, they met with Khalid al Masri who put the group in contact with Abu Musab in Duisburg, Germany. Abu Musab changed to Mohamedou Ould Slahi, an important Al Qaeda agent. Slahi advised them that it would be difficult to enter Chechnya and advised them to go to Afghanistan for training first. At the end of 1999, Hamburg's group met bin Laden, and pledged his loyalty to him. They agreed to undertake a secret mission, and were told to take flight training. Atta was chosen by bin Laden to lead the group. Bin Laden met with Atta several more times for additional instructions. The choice of the hijackers is entirely a decision made by bin Laden and Mohammed Atef. The hijackers have not met Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. At the time, the hijackers also included Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, elected in early 1999 by Osama bin Laden.
Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah all got a new passport, claiming that the old passport was lost, before applying for a US visa. Atta, Jarrah and bin al-Shibh returned to Hamburg in early 2000, while al-Shehhi returned to the United Arab Emirates to get a new passport and a US visa. Once back in Germany, they make an effort to appear less radical: they distance themselves from others, stop attending extremist mosques, and change their appearance and behavior. Jarrah, for example, began to behave more like when he first met Senguen.
Arrival in the United States
Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi arrived in Los Angeles on January 15, 2000. On January 18, Marwan al-Shehhi filed a visa application to the United States when he was in the United Arab Emirates. He was the first member to apply for a visa in Hamburg's cell.
At the end of June, Atta, Jarrah, and al-Shehhi went to the United States. Bin al-Shibh and Essabar wanted to join Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah, but they were denied a US visa several times. Bin al-Shibh's visa was rejected because he was a Yemeni citizen. He made several more attempts to receive a US visa. One such attempt was the $ 2,200 deposit he sent to the Florida Flight Training Center, with an advance payment for a similar training course taken by Ziad Jarrah. He used the application as a basis for new attempts to obtain a student visa, as opposed to a visa he had previously sought. On another occasion, he arranged several thousand dollars to keep in his Yemeni bank account, to showcase financial means. After his last attempt failed, he was advised by consular officials that they could not help him, and stopped trying. That's when Bin al-Shibh decided to support the cell by sending money there. Muhammad traveled repeatedly to Indonesia and the Philippines in Southeast Asia at the time. Jarrah almost abandoned his role in the plot and would probably be replaced by Zacarias Moussaoui if he did.
A man named Omar al-Bayoumi was in San Diego, California since 1995. He raised a family and received a monthly salary from his former employer, an airline in Saudi Arabia. He is seen regularly recording various locations. Al-Bayoumi quickly accommodated immigrants in need of housing. In 2000, he settled in Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. According to al-Hazmi, al-Bayoumi met him and al-Mihdhar at a restaurant in Los Angeles. Al-Bayoumi offers a ride to San Diego after he hears people speak Arabic. Al-Bayoumi threw the people a welcome party and al-Hazmi, who said he was in the United States to learn English, signed a six-month contract. He often surfs the Internet from San Diego State University Library.
The first two months of the rent are paid, but the men complain that the rent is too expensive. In the spring, al-Hazmi told a friend that someone would send him $ 5,000, and that the money would come from Saudi Arabia. Al-Hazmi tells his friend that he has no account. The friend allowed her to use her account, and later found out that the money came from a man named "Ali", and it did not come from the United States. The two men wanted to take flight lessons, that's why they got the money. A friend takes them to Montgomery Field and organizes lessons for them. They took one flight lesson and did not return. Fereidoun "Fred" Sorbi, instructor, remember, "The first day they came here, they said they wanted to fly Boeings, we said you should start slower, you can not jump straight to Boeings."
Al-Hazmi has passed the season to the San Diego Zoo and SeaWorld. Men often visit a men's club in San Diego called the Cheetah, which is close to the Islamic Center. Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi often go to Las Vegas in the Toyota sedan they buy.
Flight training
In March 2000, Mohamed Atta contacted Lakeland Academy in Florida, via e-mail, inquiring about flight training, "Dear sir, we are a small group of young men from different Arab countries.Now we have lived in Germany since some time ago. for study purposes We want to start training for a professional airline pilot career In this field we have no knowledge but we are ready to undergo an intensive training program (up to ATP and ultimately higher). "He sent 50-60 similar emails to flight training schools others in the United States.
On May 18, 2000, Atta filed an application and received a US visa. After obtaining his visa, Atta went to Prague before going to the United States. Atta, along with Marwan al-Shehhi arrived in Venice, Florida, and visited Huffman Aviation to "inspect its facilities." They explained that "they came from an aerial school in the area, they were not happy and they were looking for another flight school". In December, Atta and al-Shehhi left Huffman Aviation, and on December 21, Atta received a pilot's license.
End preparation
About three weeks before the attack, the target was assigned to four teams. Capitol United States/White House called "Faculty of Law". The Pentagon is dubbed the "Faculty of Fine Arts". Atta codenamed World Trade Center "The Faculty of Town Planning".
Financial support
The 9/11 Commission states in their final report that "9/11 planners end up spending between $ 400,000 and $ 500,000 to plan and carry out their attacks" but "the origin of the funds is still unknown." The Commission notes: "we see no evidence that foreign governments or foreign government officials - provide any funding."
CNN claimed in October 2001 that US investigators believe Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh (Ahmed Umar Syed Sheikh), using the alias Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad, sent more than $ 100,000 from Pakistan to Mohamed Atta, the suspected piracy suspect of the September 11, 2001 attacks.
"Investigators say, Atta then distributed the funds to conspirators in Florida in the weeks before the deadliest act of terrorism on US soil destroying the World Trade Center, damaging the Pentagon and causing thousands of lives [...] Syed is also described as a figure major in Al-Qaeda funding operations, a network headed by a terrorist brain suspected of Osama bin Laden. "
The Pittsburgh Tribune noted "There are many in Musharraf's government who believe that Saeed Sheikh's power is not from the ISI, but from his relationship with our own CIA."
CNN later confirmed that it was "Ahmed Umar Syed Sheikh, who said the government used a pseudonym to transfer $ 100,000 to suspected pirate Mohammad Atta, who then distributed the money in the United States."
Immediately after the money transfers were found, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence chief, General Mahmood (Mahmud) Ahmed, resigned from his position. Indian news agencies reported the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is investigating the possibility that General Mahmood Ahmed ordered Saeed Sheikh to send $ 100,000 to Atta, while most Western media just reported his relationship with the Taliban as a reason for his departure from the ISI.
The Wall Street Journal is one of several Western news organizations to follow up on the story, quoting Times of India: "US authorities seek removal [General Mahmud Ahmed] after confirming the fact that $ 100,000 transferred to WTC hijacker, Mohamed Atta from Pakistan by Ahmad Umar Sheikh on General Mahmud's example. "The best coverage came from The Daily Excelsior , reported" The FBI inspection of the hard disk of mobile phone company Omar Sheikh has subscribed to lead on the discovery of a "liaison" between him and the ousted leader of Pakistan's ISI, General Mehmood Ahmed and when the FBI investigator unearthed deep and sensational information arose in connection with a $ 100,000 transfer to Mohamed Atta, one of the Kamikaze pilots who flew Boeing to the World Trade Center, General Mehmood Ahmed, the FBI investigators found out, fully aware of the transfer of money to Atta. "
According to the Washington Post , "on the morning of September 11, [Porter] Goss and [Bob] Graham were eating breakfast with a Pakistani general named Mahmud Ahmed - who will soon be sacked by the head of the Pakistani intelligence service" On the 12th and September 13, Lt. Gen. Mahmood met with United States Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, Senator Joseph Biden, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Secretary of State Colin Powell. The agreement on Pakistan's collaboration in the new "war on terror" was negotiated between Mahmood and Armitage.
Lt. Gen. Mehmood Ahmed then led six members of the delegation to the Afghan city of Kandahar for crisis talks with the Taliban leadership, allegedly attempting to persuade them to surrender Osama bin Laden.
In June 2001, a "high member of US intelligence" told the BBC's Greg Palast that "after the [2000] election, the agency was asked to" retreat "to investigate bin Laden and the Saudi aristocracy."
In May 2002, former FBI agent Robert Wright Jr. delivered a press conference while crying apologetically to a family that lost a loved one on September 11th. He described how his boss deliberately blocked his investigation into al-Qaeda funding.
Wright's agent later told ABC Brian Ross: "September 11 is a direct result of the inability of the FBI International Terrorism Unit", in particular referring to the blocking of the Bureau's investigation into Yasin al-Qadi, depicted by Ross as a strong Saudi Arabian businessman. with extensive financial relationships in Chicago. One month after September 11, the US government officially identified Yassin al-Qadi as one of the top financiers of Osama bin Laden and the Special Designated Global Terrorist.
In an interview with Computerworld Magazine, a former business associate described his relationship with al-Qadi: "I met him several times and talked to him several times on the phone he never talked to me about violence, he spoke highly of his relationship with [former President] Jimmy Carter and [Vice President] Dick Cheney. "
The Muwafaq Foundation, which the US authorities have confirmed is the arm of bin Laden's terror organization, headed by Yassin al-Qadi, also known as Ptech's owner - a company that has supplied high-tech computer systems to the FBI, the Internal Revenue Service, the United States Congress, United States Army, Navy, Air Force, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the White House. A former FBI anti-terrorism agent commented: "For someone like [al-Qadi] to engage in capacity, within an organization, companies that have access to classified information, who have access to open or secret computer systems, will be seriously concerned. "Also sitting on Ptech's board of directors is Yacub Mirza -" a senior official of the major radical Islamic organizations that the US government has linked to terrorism. " In addition, Hussein Ibrahim, Vice President and Chief Scientist Ptech, is the vice-chairman of the now-defunct investment group called BMI, a company called the FBI as a channel used by al-Qadi to launder money to Hamas militants.
According to Senator Bob Graham, who is chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee from June 2001 through a buildup to the Iraq war, "Two of the September 11, 2001, hijackers have a support network in the United States that includes agents from Saudi government, and the Bush and FBI governments blocked congressional investigations into in that relationship ", as reported by the Miami Herald .
"And in Graham's book, Intelligence Matters, obtained by The Herald on Saturday, he made it clear that some details of the financial support of Saudi Arabia were on the 27 pages of the final report of a congressional investigation that was blocked from being broadcast by the government, though there is a request from the leaders of both sides of the House and Senate intelligence committees. "
References
External links
- "Suspect hijacked banker freed by India in '99". CNN . Archived from the original on 2005-11-22. Ã, CS1 maint: BOT: original status-unknown (link)
- "India wants the spotlight of terror against Kashmir". CNN . Archived from the original in 2005-09-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url unknown status (link)
- "Chapter 5, Final Report". Commission 9/11 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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