The Iran-Israel relationship can be divided into four major phases: the period 1947-53, the period of friendship during the Pahlavi era, the worsening period of the Iranian Revolution from 1979 to 1990, and finally hostilities since the end of the First Gulf War. In 1947, Iran was among the 13 countries that voted against the UN Partition Plan for Palestine. Two years later, Iran also voted against Israel's entry into the UN. However, Iran is the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel as a sovereign state after Turkey. After the 1953 coup, which reinstated pro-Western Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to power, relations between the two countries increased significantly.
After the 1979 Revolution, Iran severed all diplomatic and commercial ties with Israel, and its Islamic government did not recognize Israel's legitimacy as a state. The turn from cold peace to hostilities began in the early 1990s, shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the defeat of the Iraqi Army during Desert Storm, after which relative strength in the Middle East shifted towards Iran and Israel. The conflict escalated in the early 1990s, when the Yitzhak Rabin government adopted a more aggressive attitude towards Iran. Rhetorical conflicts heated up during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who made inflammatory statements against Israel. Other factors contributing to the escalation of tensions include the development of Iran's nuclear technology relative to the Doctrine of Israel, funding Iranian groups such as Hizbullah, Islamic Jihad and Hamas, and alleged involvement in terrorist attacks such as the 1992 attack on the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires and bombing AMIA 1994, alleged Israeli support for groups such as the Mujahideen of the Iranian People or Jundallah and alleged covert operations in Iran including murders and explosions.
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The beginning of Jewish history in Iran dates back to the end of biblical times. The biblical books of Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles, and Esther contain references to the lives and experiences of Jews in Persia. In the book of Ezra, the king of Persia, Cyrus the Great is credited with allowing and allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their Temple; The reconstruction is carried out "according to the decisions of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia" (Ezra 6:14). This is said to have occurred at the end of the sixth century BC, at which time there was an established and influential Jewish community in Persia. Persian Jews have lived in the territory of Iran today for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when Shalmaneser V conquered the Kingdom of Israel (North) (722 BC) and sent the Israelites into captivity in Khorasan. In 586 BC, the Babylonians drove large populations of Jews from Judea to Babylonian captivity. Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities.
The Jewish Biblical Ketuvim ends in the Second Chronicle with the decision of Cyrus, who returns the exiles to the Promised Land of Babylon together with the commission to rebuild the temple.
'This is Cyrus, king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth have Yahweh, the God of heaven, given to me; and He has demanded me to build Him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whoever is among you from all his people - may Yahweh, his God, be with him - let him go there. '(2 Chronicles 36:23)
This edict is also fully reproduced in the Book of Ezra.
"In the first year of King Cyrus, Cyrus the king issued a decree: 'Regarding the house of God in Jerusalem, let the temple, the place of offering, be rebuilt and let its foundation be kept, 60 cubits high and 60 cubits wide, with three large layers of stone and one layer of wood, and the cost is paid from the royal treasury.Also, let the gold and silver tools of the house of God, taken by Nebuchadnezzar from the temple in Jerusalem, and brought to Babylon, be returned and brought to their place in the temple in Jerusalem, and you will placing it in the house of God '(Ezra 6: 3-5)
As a result of Cyrus's policy, the Jews regard him as a dignified and pious king. However, there is no evidence that the declaration reflects a unique attitude toward Jews. On the contrary, it may be part of a well-known tolerance to the culture and religion of the people under his rule. The historical nature of this decision has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there is no edict but there is a policy that allows the exiles to return to their homeland and rebuild their temples. He also argues that archeology suggests that its return is a "droplet", which lasts for several decades, generating a maximum population of perhaps 30,000. Philip R. Davies called the authenticity of the "dubious" decree, quoting Grabbe and adding that J.Briend opposed "Ezra 1.1-4 authenticity was J. Briend, in a paper given at the Catholique de Paris Institute on December 15, 1993, which denies that it resembles the official form of the document but reflects the biblical prophetic idiom. "Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decision in Ezra may be authentic and along with Cylinder that Cyrus, like the previous rule, is through decrees seeking to gain support from those who may be strategically important, especially those close to Egypt that he wants to conquer. He also wrote that "the call to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical declaration shows the tendency of Persia to co-opt the local religious and political traditions for the benefit of imperial control."
According to the Bible, Cyrus commands the rebuilding of the Second Temple in the same place as the first; However, he died before it was finished. Darius the Great came to power in the Persian empire and ordered the completion of the temple. According to the Bible, the prophets Haggai and Zechariah pressed for this work. The temple was ready to be consecrated in the spring of 515 BC, more than twenty years after the Jews returned to Jerusalem.
According to the Book of Esther, during the reign of the Persian King Ahasuerus, commonly identified as the Great Xerxes (son of Darius the Great) in the 6th century BC, the vizier Haman instigated a plan to kill all Jews from ancient Persia. The plot was thwarted by Queen Esther who ordered Hang Haman and her ten sons. The event is celebrated as a Purim holiday. Israeli independence to the Iranian revolution (1947-79)
In 1947, Iran was one of eleven countries elected to form the Special Committee for Palestine (UNSCOP) to recommend a resolution to the issue of the Palestinian Mandate. After much deliberation, the committee presented the Partition plan for Palestine, which received the backing of eight of the eleven committee members. Iran along with India and Yugoslavia opposed the plan, predicting it will lead to an escalation of violence. Maintaining that peace can only be established through a single federal state, Iran voted against the partition plan when it was adopted by the UN General Assembly. Shah Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, predicted that the partition would lead to generations of fighting.
From the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 to the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Israel and Iran maintained a close relationship. Iran is the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel as a sovereign state after Turkey. Israel views Iran as a natural ally as a non-Arab force at the end of the Arab world, in accordance with David Ben Gurion's concept of a peripheral alliance. Israel has a permanent delegation in Tehran that serves as a de facto embassy before the Ambassador exchanged in the late 1970s.
After the Six Day War, Iran supplies Israel with most of its oil needs and Iranian oil is shipped to the European market through a joint Israeli-Iranian Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline. The rapid trade between countries continued until 1979, with Israeli construction companies and engineers active in Iran. El Al, Israel's national carrier, operates direct flights between Tel Aviv and Tehran. Iran-Israel military ties and projects are kept secret, but they are widely believed, for example military projects with Project Flower (1977-79), an Iran-Israel effort to develop a new missile.
Debt
The debt to be paid to Iran by Israel for business done before the Iranian revolution, in the order of a billion dollars, is not paid to Iran. Some of the debt comes from oil purchased by Israel, and larger amounts emerge from trans-Israeli oil pipeline operations and associated port facilities, which are joint ventures between Israeli companies and the National Iranian Oil Company. The Israeli cabinet decided not to repay the debt at its meeting in 1979 and gave legal reparations to the Israeli companies owed to it. At least one Israeli bank account is known to save $ 250 million to Iran. Since the 1980s, Iran has sued in European courts for debt repayment and has won several cases. But debt repayment is legally compounded by international sanctions against Iran and by the fact that Israel classifies Iran as an enemy country. In May 2015, a European court ordered the Ashkelon Eilat Pipe Company to pay $ 1.1 billion to Iran, which Israel rejected.
Under Khomeini (1979-89)
During Ayatollah Khomeini's campaign to overthrow Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Israel, which has a relatively warm relationship with the Shah, became a problem. Khomeini declares Israel as "the enemy of Islam" and "Little Satan" - the United States is called the 'Great Satan'.
Immediately after the 1979 Iranian Revolution which witnessed the establishment of the Islamic Republic, Iran severed all official ties; official statements, state institutions, approved events and initiatives adopted a sharp anti-Zionist stance. After the breakup of diplomatic ties on February 18, the Israeli Embassy in Tehran was closed and handed over to the Palestine Liberation Organization.
According to Trita Parsi, the author of the Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran and the United States (Yale University Press, 2007), Iran's strategic imperative forced Khomeini's government to maintain a dark relationship with Israel, that peripheral doctrine could be generated motivates the Jewish State's aid to Iran. However, at the same time, Iran provides support for Islamist Shiite parties, helps consolidate them into a political and military organization, Hezbollah, and gives them ideological indoctrination, training military and equipment to attack Israeli and American targets.
Support Israeli logistics for Iran during the War Iran-Iraq (1980-88)
Israel sold US $ 75 million worth of weapons from the Israeli Military Industries, Israeli Aircraft Industries and Israel Defense Forces, in Shell Operations in 1981. Materials include 150 M-40 antitank guns with 24,000 shells for each weapon, spare parts for tanks and aircraft engines, 106 mm, 130 mm, 203 mm and 175 mm shell and TOW missiles. This material is transported first by air by Argentine Airlines Transporte AÃÆ' Â © reo Rioplatense and then by ship. In the same year Israel provided active military support for Iraq by destroying the Osirak nuclear reactor near Baghdad, which had previously been targeted by Iran, but the doctrine formed by the attack would increase the potential for conflict in the coming years.
The sale of arms to Iran amounted to about $ 500 million from 1981 to 1983 according to the Jafe Institute for Strategic Studies at Tel Aviv University. Mostly paid by Iranian oil sent to Israel. "According to Ahmad Haidari," an Iranian arms dealer working for the Khomeini government, about 80% of the armaments purchased by Tehran "soon after the start of the war that originated in Israel.
According to Mark Phythian, the fact that "the Iranian air force can function at all" after the initial Iraqi offensive and "capable of carrying out a number of surprise attacks on Baghdad and striking at strategic installations" was "at least in part because of the Reagan administration's decision to allow Israel to deliver US- Iran to prevent easy and early victory in Iraq. "
Despite all the speeches of Iranian leaders and Israeli criticism at Friday prayers, there has never been less than about a hundred Israeli advisers and technicians in Iran anytime during the war, living in a heavily guarded and remote camp in northern Tehran, where they remain even after a ceasefire.
Israel's support is "important" to keep Iran's air force flying against Iraq. Israeli sales also include spare parts for US-made F-4 Phantom jets. Newsweek also reported that after an Iranian defector landed his F-4 Phantom jet in Saudi Arabia in 1984, intelligence experts decided that parts of it were initially sold to Israel, and then re-exported. to Tehran in violation of US law. Ariel Sharon believes it is important to "leave a small window open" for possible good relations with Iran in the future.
Increasing tension (1989-current)
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in December 2000 referred to Israel as a "cancerous tumor" that had to be removed from the region. In 2005 he stressed that "Palestine belongs to the Palestinian people, and the fate of Palestine must also be determined by the Palestinian people". In 2005 Khamenei clarified Iran's position after international furor erupted over a statement linked to President Ahmadinejad which he said Israel should be "removed from the map" by saying that "the Islamic Republic never threatens and will never threaten any country."
On August 15, 2012, during a meeting with Iran-Iraq War veteran Ayatollah Khamenei said that he was convinced that "the false Zionists (regimes) will disappear from the landscape of geography." In addition, on August 19, Khamenei repeated comments made by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who members of the international community, including the United States, France, EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemned, during which he call Israel a "cancerous tumor at the heart of the Islamic world" and says that its existence is responsible for many of the problems facing the Muslim world.
The Presidency of Rafsanjani (1989-1997)
Khatami_presidency_ (1997-2005) "> Khatami Presidency (1997-2005)Under the leadership of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami, elected in 1997, some believe Iran-Israel relations will improve. Khatami referred to Israel as an "illegal state" and "parasite", but also said in 1999 Jews would be "safe in Iran" and all religious minorities would be protected. A report shows that Iran tried in 2003 to start a conformity with Israel by acknowledging its existence in a proposal to the United States. The report claims that Iran's peace proposal with Israel is not accepted by the United States. In January 2004, Khatami spoke to an Israeli journalist who asked him about the reason what Iran would recognize Israel. This is believed to be the first time he spoke publicly with the Israelis. At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in April 2005, Khatami sits close to Iranian-born Israel President Moshe Katsav, who is from the same province, Yazd Province, as Khatami. Katsav said that he shook Khatami's hand and both spoke briefly about Iran. However, Khatami denies this.
The Presidency of Ahmadinejad (2005-2013)
With the election of Mahmoud Ahmedinijiad, a hardliner of Iranian politics, the relations of states become increasingly tense as countries become involved in a series of proxy conflicts and covert operations against each other.
During the 2006 Lebanon War, Iran's Revolutionary Guard is believed to have directly assisted Hezbollah fighters in their attacks on Israel. Some sources suggest that hundreds of operatives of the Revolutionary Guards participated in rocket firing into Israel during the war, and secured Hezbollah long-range missiles. Revolutionary Guard troops allegedly seen operating openly at Hezbollah posts during the war. In addition, the Revolutionary Guard operation is alleged to have overseen Hezbollah's attacks on INS Hanit with a C-802 anti-ship missile. The attack seriously damaged the warships and killed four crew members. It is alleged that between six and nine operatives of the Revolutionary Guards were killed by the Israeli military during the war. According to Israeli media, their bodies were transferred to Syria and from there, flown to Tehran.
During and immediately after the Gaza war, the Israeli Air Force, with the help of Israeli commandos, reportedly carried out three air strikes against Iranian weapons smuggled into Hamas via Sudan, as Iran launched an intensive effort to supply Hamas with weapons and ammunition. Israel hinted that behind the attack. Two convoys of trucks were destroyed, and a ship loaded with weapons drowned in the Red Sea. On November 4, 2009, Israel captured a ship in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and charged hundreds of tons of weapons suspected of being tied from Iran to Hezbollah.
In 2010, a wave of killings targeting Iranian nuclear scientists began. The killing is widely believed to be the work of Mossad, the Israeli foreign intelligence service. According to Iran and global media sources, the method used to kill scientists is reminiscent of the way Mossad had previously killed the target. The killing is thought to be an attempt to stop Iran's nuclear program, or to ensure that it can not recover after an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities. In the first attack, particle physicist Masoud Alimohammadi was killed on January 12, 2010 when a motorcycle parked near his car exploded. On October 12, 2010, an explosion occurred at an IRGC military base near the town of Khorramabad, killing 18 soldiers. On November 29, 2010, two senior Iranian nuclear scientists, Majid Shahriari and Fereydoon Abbasi, were targeted by assassins on motorcycles, who attached bombs to their cars and blew them off in the distance. Shahriari was killed, while Abbasi was severely wounded. On July 23, 2011, Darioush Rezaeinejad was shot dead in eastern Tehran. On January 11, 2012, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan and his driver were killed by a bomb attached to their car from a motorcycle.
In June 2010, Stuxnet, a sophisticated computer worm was discovered. It is believed that it has been developed by the US and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. In a study conducted by the Institute for Science and International Security estimated Stuxnet may have damaged as many as 1,000 centrifuges (10% of all installed) at the Natanz enrichment plant. Other computer and malware viruses, including Duqu and Flame, are reportedly linked to Stuxnet. Iran claims that its enemies regularly engineer the sale of damaged equipment and attacks by computer viruses to sabotage its nuclear program.
On March 15, 2011, Israel seized a ship from Syria carrying Iranian weapons into Gaza. In addition, Mossad is also allegedly responsible for the reported explosion of damaging nuclear facilities in Isfahan. Iran denied that any explosion had occurred, but The Times reported damage to nuclear plants based on satellite images, and quoted an Israeli intelligence source as saying the blast was indeed targeting a nuclear site, and "no accident". Hours after the blast, Hezbollah fired two rockets into northern Israel, causing property damage. The Israeli Defense Forces reacted by firing four artillery shells in the area where the launch came from. It is thought that the attack was ordered by Iran and Syria as a warning to Israel. Israeli attacks have reportedly killed 7 people, including foreign nationals. 12 others were injured, seven of whom later died in the hospital. The Mossad was also suspected of being behind the explosion at a Revolutionary Guard missile base in November 2011. The blast killed 17 officers of the Revolutionary Guard, including General Hassan Moqaddam, who was described as a key figure in Iran's missile program. Israeli journalist Ron Ben-Yishai writes that some of the lower-ranked Iranian missiles may have previously been killed in several explosions at various sites.
In response to Israeli covert operations, Iranian agents reportedly began trying to attack Israeli and Jewish targets; potential targets are then placed on high alert. Yoram Cohen, head of the Shin Bet, claimed that three planned attacks in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Thailand were thwarted at the last minute. On October 11, 2011, the United States claimed to have thwarted alleged Iranian plots that included the bombing of Israeli and Saudi embassies in Washington DC and Buenos Aires. On February 13, 2012, Israeli embassy staff in Georgia and India were targeted. In Georgia, a car bomb failed to explode near the embassy and was safely detonated by Georgian police. In India, the car bomb exploded, wounding four people. Among the wounded were the wives of an Israeli Defense Ministry official. Israel accused Iran of being behind the attack. The next day, three suspected Iranian agents found in Bangkok, Thailand, allegedly had planned to kill Israeli diplomatic officials, including ambassadors, by attaching bombs to embassy cars. The cell was found when one of their bombs exploded. The police responded, and the Iranian agent present at the house threw an explosive device at the officer who tore his leg, and then was arrested. A second suspect was arrested when he tried to catch a flight abroad, and the third fled to Malaysia, where he was arrested by Malaysian Federal Police. Thai police then arrested two people suspected of involvement. Indian police arrested a Delhi - based journalist in connection with a February car bomb, which injured four Israelis including the wife of an Israeli diplomat. Syed Mohammed Kazmi, the journalist was arrested on March 6, 2012, he is said to have made contact with a suspected policeman who believed he might have put a magnetic bomb on the diplomat's car. It is said Kazmi is an Indian citizen who works for Iranian publications.
At the end of February 2012, WikiLeaks published a secret email from Stratfor, a US-based private intelligence company, stolen by the hacking group Anonymous. Among the information released was a claim that Israeli commandos, in collaboration with Kurdish fighters, destroyed several Iranian underground facilities used for nuclear and defense research projects. Khamenei accused Israel of helping Jundallah to carry out attacks in Iran. According to a New Yorker report, members of the Mujahideen-e-Khalq received training in the US and Israeli funding for their operations against the Iranian government.
On July 18, 2012, a bus carrying Israeli tourists in Bulgaria was destroyed in a bombing raid that killed five Israeli tourists and a driver, and injured 32 people. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu blamed Iran and Hezbollah for the attack. In July 2012, a senior Israeli defense official stated that since May 2011, more than 20 terrorist attacks planned by Iran and Hezbollah against Israeli targets around the world have been thwarted, including in South Africa, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Turkey, Thailand, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Nepal and Nigeria, and that Iranian and Hezbollah cooperatives are locked up in prisons around the world.
On October 6, 2012, Israeli planes shot down a small UAV while flying over the northern Negev. Hezbollah confirmed it was sending unmanned aircraft and Nasrallah said in a televised address that the part of the drone was produced in Iran. On October 24, 2012, Sudan claimed that Israel had bombed an ammunition plant, thought to belong to Iran's Revolutionary Guards, south of Khartoum. In November 2012, Israel reported that an Iranian ship was being loaded with rockets for export to countries within the reach of Israel and that Israel "would attack and destroy weapons shipments". In January 2013, the Fordo nuclear plant was hit by an explosion. Iranian officials suspect the Mossad or CIA is responsible. On April 25, 2013, Israeli planes shot down drones off the coast of Haifa, allegedly belonging to Hizbullah.
On January 30, 2013, Israeli planes allegedly attacked Syrian convoys carrying Iranian weapons to Hezbollah. Another source said the targeted site was a military research center in Jamraya that was responsible for developing biological and chemical weapons. Two additional air strikes were reported on 3 and 5 May 2013. Both targeted long-range weapons sent from Iran to Hezbollah. According to anonymous US officials, Israel launched another air strike or shipping attack on July 5. It targeted Russian-built anti-ship missiles Yakhont near the city of Latakia, and killed several Syrian soldiers.
On May 7, 2013, residents of Tehran reported hearing three explosions in areas where Iran maintained its missile and depot research. Later, an Iranian website said the blast occurred at a privately held chemical plant. Rouhani Presidency (2013-present)
In the Syrian Arabian Republic
Several incidents occurred in the Israeli-Syrian truce line during the Syrian Civil War, which strained Iran-Israel relations. The incident is considered to be a spill of Quneitra Governorate clashes since 2012 and recent incidents between the Iranian-backed Syrian Arab Army and the rebels, which took place on the Syrian-controlled side of the Golan and Golan Neutral Zone and Hezbollah.
Since the beginning of the Syrian War, the Israeli military is reportedly preparing for potential threats if there is a power vacuum in Syria. "After Assad and after building or strengthening their footing in Syria they will move and deflect their efforts and attack Israel," an Israeli official told The Associated Press in January 2014. Some experts say that while militant forces attacking at the Israeli border will increase security measures, progress is unlikely to create significant changes to Israeli policies that are not involved in the Syrian crisis. The IAF has been suspected of numerous air strikes on Syrian soil, allegedly targeting Iran and Hezbollah targets.
In Israel
The court in Jerusalem has sentenced an Israeli man, Yitzhak Bergel, to four and a half years in prison for offering to spy on Iran. Bergel belongs to Neturei Karta anti-Zionist, an ultra-Orthodox Jew sect who strongly opposes the existence of the State of Israel.
International incident
On March 5, 2014, the Israeli navy intercepted the Klos-C cargo ship. Israel says Iran used the ship to smuggle dozens of long-range rockets into Gaza, including the Syrian-made M-302 rocket. The operation, named Full Disclosure and performed by special forces Shayetet 13, takes place in the Red Sea, 1,500 kilometers away from Israel and about 160 kilometers from Port Sudan.
In Iran
On May 6, 2014, it was reported that the explosion rocked the Iranian city of Qazvin. Los Angeles Times reported that the city was probably home to a secret nuclear facility.
Iranian state media reported that on August 24, 2014, IRGC had shot down Israeli drones near Natanz's fuel enrichment plant. The Israeli military did not comment on the report.
Two workers were killed in an explosion at a military explosives factory in southeastern Tehran near a suspected nuclear reactor at Parchin. In what the Kuwaiti newspapers claimed in response to Iran's order, Hezbollah installed an explosive device on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled side of the Shebaa farm, wounding two Israeli soldiers. Israel countered with artillery fire against two Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.
In media
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Former President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who took office from August 2005 to August 2013, at the "World Without Zionism" conference in October 2005 in Tehran adopted a sharp anti-Zionist stance. On December 8, 2005, at a summit of Muslim countries in the Islamic holy city of Mecca, Ahmadinejad told the Arabic channel of Iran Al-Alam an elaborate story about the Holocaust and the establishment of Israel. Since then, the Iranian president has made statements relating to these topics. Iran's ambassador to the IAEA, Soltanieh Iranian Ambassador to IAEA,
In April 2006, CNN's correspondent Wolf Blitzer interviewed Ambassador Ali Asghar Soltanieh, Iran's Permanent Representative to the IAEA, which said, on whether there should be an Israeli state, "I think I have replied to you If Israel is synonymous and will give an indication of Zionism mentality , No. But if you will conclude that we have said the people there should be removed or we [say] they should be slaughtered or more, this is a selective, unfortunate approach to what the mentality and policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Vice President Mashaei
In a speech at a tourism convention in Tehran in July 2008, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, Vice President and Head of the Organization of Cultural Heritage of Iran, proclaimed, "No nation in the world is our enemy, Iran is a friend of the nation in America. , and this is an honor. "We also see that Iran" does not want to go to war with any country, "insists that Iran's actions during the Iran-Iraq War are purely defensive.
Hard-line people close to the government violently attacked Mashaei's statement. President Ahmadinejad, however, defended Mashaei and spoke for him. At a press conference, he said, "The Iranians never recognize Israel and will never recognize it, but we feel sorry for those who have been tricked or smuggled into Israel to become oppressed citizens in Israel."
This issue prompted the Supreme Leader of Iran Khamenei to "end the debate" about Israel. During Friday's sermon in Tehran, he stated, "It is untrue, unreasonable, pointless and unreasonable to say that we are friends with the people of Israel... we are in a collision course with the Palestinian invaders and the occupiers are Zionists regime.This is the position of our regime, our revolution and our people. "
Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami
In August 2012, a senior cleric and Friday prayer leader Tehran Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami, speaking of Qods Day, called for the destruction of the "Zionist regime," stressing that the spread of "Islamic Awakening" in the Middle East "void of annihilation of the Zionist regime."
Brigadier General Gholamreza Jalali
In August 2012, Brigadier General Gholam Reza Jalali, who heads the Iranian Passive Defense Organization, said ahead of Al-Quds Day that Israel should be destroyed, saying, "[Al-Quds Day] is a reflection of the fact that there is no other way. determination and power to completely eliminate the aggressive and destructive nature of Israel. "Jalali added that the Muslim world is needed to support" oppressed Palestinians "against" Zionist usurers "and that the Islamic Revolution is a" light beacon. " Jalali also said that the "Islamic Front in Syria" has been strengthened.
In response to this statement, an Israeli government official said that this statement is "a reaffirmation of what we continue to hear from the Iranian leadership" and that Israel takes the Iranian threat seriously. The official said that the ongoing announcement of this statement shows how Iranian leaders believe in them, and that Iran's leadership should end this comment to ease international pressure.
General Mohammad Ali Jafari
On September 22, 2012, General Mohammad Ali Jafari, commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, said that eventually the war with Israel would soon break out, where Iran would eradicate Israel, which he called a "cancerous tumor".
Cooperation
Business
After the Shah's overthrow in 1979, most oil companies left Iran and the Iranian government was having a hard time selling oil in international markets. Meanwhile, Marc Rich, an Israeli-Swiss businessman with international relations, entered Iran through his Swiss-based Glencore company. It has been sanctioned by US and international neglect of Iran and became a major trader of Iranian oil for 15 years. He claims that the oil he bought from Iran was sent to Israel and both countries are aware of this transaction. Rich provides the Iranian government with weapons and missiles through the Iran-Iraq War. For his actions, the United States government found him guilty of more than 65 allegations of criminal offenses including money laundering and violating Iran sanctions. Rich was the most wanted fugitive of the FBI for years, until President Bill Clinton forgave him on his last day of office in 2001. This pardon is highly controversial and Clinton later regretted this action in his memoirs. There are reports that former Mossad chiefs, Avner Azulay and Shabtai Shavit, both personally wrote a letter to Clinton on the grounds of Rich's forgiveness. Furthermore, Rich's first wife, Denise Rich (nÃÆ' Â © e Eisenberg) personally donated more than 1 million dollars to Clinton's charities.
In 1998, the Seattle Times reported that pistachio makers in California were unhappy with the fact that Israel imports most of Iran's pistachios. The head of Iran-China's economic space, Asadollah Asgaroladi said in an article that the transaction is easily possible. According to the Israeli article importing only a quarter of the pistachio from the US and about half its piancas from Britain and Germany, while the two countries are not pistachio producers at all and the source is likely to come from Iran. Furthermore, in 1998 the Israeli government punished Hamama Brothers Co. for illegally importing 105 tons of pistachios from Iran. The Israeli newspaper Ynet reported in 2007 that the US government once again called on the Israeli government to stop importing pistachio from Iran. In 2008, US ambassador to Israel Richard H. Jones wrote a letter to Israeli finance minister Ronnie Bar demanding Israel to stop importing Iranian pistacles from Turkey. A similar report has been published by Haaretz.
In 1998, the businessman Nahum Manbar Israel was sentenced to 16 years in jail in Israel for doing business with Tehran, and in the process of investigation, "hundreds of companies" were found to have illegal business dealings with Iran. Falling into the United States because some transactions are alleged to have become part of Iran-Contra affairs. A controversy over Israel-Iran business relations erupted in mid-2011. The Israeli company Ofer Brothers Group was hit by US sanctions after it was revealed that they were selling ships to Iran via a third party, and that the ship was also anchored in Iranian ports. But the US government cleared the Ofer Brothers Group from the list three months later. In 2006 Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported on the Israeli refinery, Paz reportedly bought Iranian crude oil. The article reports that oil from Iran arrives to Israel via the port in Rotterdam. Another article at Haaretz in the same year reported that Israeli energy minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer said: "Any contact with enemy countries serving Israeli business and economic interests strengthens the stability of the region." And the Israeli foreign ministry said it was not their business to look for oil sources.
Ynet reports that Israeli-Iranian trade, conducted covertly and illegally by dozens of Israeli companies, totals tens of millions of dollars a year. Most of this trade is done through a third country. Israel supplies Iran with fertilizers, irrigation pipes, hormones for milk, grain, and fruit production; Iran, meanwhile, provides Israel with marble, cashew nuts, and pistachios. According to the same report in November 2000, the Iranian government requested an Israeli company, which built the Tehran sewer pipeline 30 years earlier, to visit the country for renovation. Shortly thereafter, the assistant director-general of the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture visited Israel secretly and stayed at the Tel Aviv Hilton Hotel. He expressed interest in buying irrigation pipes, pesticides and fertilizers.
In April 2009 a large number of oranges carrying stickers from Israeli companies were distributed in the Iranian market. Based on the investigation, oranges are imported from Dubai. In December 2011, Bloomberg reported that most of the filtering equipment currently used in Iran was purchased from an Israeli company called Allot Communications. The system called NetEnforcer allows the government to monitor all devices connected to the internet. The device is shipped to Denmark, where the original packaging is removed and replaced with a fake label. Al-Monitor reported in 2013 that the Iranian government asked Israeli experts to visit the quake-stricken regions of Sistan province in 2006. According to the report, Israeli experts spent a 2006 passover in Iran.
Military relations
Pre-revolution
Israel was involved in arming Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty:
- Tzur's "Flower" Project (see also Project Flower), a joint collaboration between Iran and Israel, aimed at developing "advanced sea-to-sea missiles", an advanced version of the Harpoon US Missile, with a range of 200 kilometers. "
- Israeli Defense Minister General Ezer Weizmann and Iran's Deputy Minister of War General Hasan Toufanian discuss Israeli Israeli Jericho-2 missile production, code named Project Flower.
Era Khomeini
The Observer estimates that Israeli arms sales to Iran during the Iran-Iraq War totaled US $ 500 million annually, and Time reported that during 1981 and 1982, "Israel reported set up a Swiss bank account to handle the end of a financial transaction. "
According to a report of the US Congressional Committee investigating the Iran-Contra affairs issued in November 1987, "US arms sales to Iran via Israel began in the summer of 1985, after receiving President Reagan's approval." These sales include "2008 TOW missiles and 235 parts kits for Hawk missiles have been sent to Iran via Israel." Further shipments of up to US $ 2 billion of American weapons from Israel to Iran consisting of 18 F-4 fighter planes, 46 Skyhawk fighter planes and nearly 4,000 missiles were thwarted by the US Department of Justice, and "unverified reports allege that Israel agrees to sells Iran Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, radar equipment, mortar munitions and machine guns, field telephones, M-60 tank engines and artillery shells, and spare parts for C-130 transport aircraft. "The sale of Israeli weapons to Iran continued after the War Iran-Iraq, albeit sporadically and unofficially.
Disputed issues
Iran Funds for Hamas and Hezbollah
"Hamas is funded by Iran, claiming to be financed by donations, but its contribution is unlike what it receives from Iran. "
Iran has also supplied another Israeli enemy, Hezbollah militant organization with a large amount of financial aid, training, weapons, explosives, politics, diplomatic and organizational while persuading Hezbollah to take action against Israel. Manifesto 1985 Hezbollah notes its four main goals as "Israel's last departure from Lebanon as the beginning of its final annihilation." According to a report released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $ 400 million from Iran.
Iran's nuclear program
Iran threatens Israel
Iran's nuclear program with its potential to develop nuclear weapons, along with the anti-Israeli rhetoric of the President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and his desire for the "occupying regime of Jerusalem" to "disappear from the pages of time," has led many Israelis to fear the eventual attack of Iran.
In a May 2012 speech to a defense meeting in Tehran, Iran's Military Chief of Staff stated: "The Iranian nation stands for its cause and it is the complete annihilation of Israel."
In August 2012, Brigadier General Gholam Reza Jalali, who heads the Iranian Passive Defense Organization, said ahead of Al-Quds Day that Israel should be destroyed, saying, "[Al-Quds Day] is a reflection of the fact that there is no other way. determination and strength to completely eliminate the aggressive and destructive nature of Israel. "
In August 2012, a senior cleric and Friday prayer leader Tehran Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami, speaking of Qods Day, called for the destruction of the "Zionist regime," stressing that the spread of "Islamic Awakening" in the Middle East "void of annihilation of the Zionist regime."
Iran's recurrent threats to Israel, particularly in 2012, led Canada, a close ally of Israel, to close its embassy in Iran on September 7, 2012, giving Iranian diplomats 5 days to leave Canada.
On September 21, at a military parade in Iran to mark the start of the Iran-Iraq War, and where a new air defense system was inaugurated, Amir Ali Hajizadeh, the head of Iran's air force, said there should be a conflict between Iran and Iran. Israel will break, Israel will "set the beginning of war, but the response and the end will be ours, in this case the Zionist entity will cease to exist, the number of missiles launched will be more than the Zionists can imagine."
On September 22, General Mohammad Ali Jafari, commander of Iran's Revolutionary Guards, said that eventually a war with Israel would break, in which Iran would eradicate Israel, which he called a "cancerous tumor."
On September 23, Hajizadeh threatened to invade Israel and spark World War III, saying that "it is possible that we will create pre-emptive attacks" that will "turn into World War III." In the same statement, Hajizadeh threatened to attack the US base in the Middle East as well. Hajizadeh said that as a result of this attack, Israel will "suffer heavy damage and it will be the beginning of its destruction." On the same day, Deputy Commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards Brigadier General Hossein Salami said that while Iran is not worried about Israel's "threat" to attack Iran's nuclear facilities, such an attack would be "a historic opportunity for the Islamic Revolution to remove them from the world's geographical history. "
On October 2, 2012, Hojjat al-Eslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to Iran's Qods Force, alleged that Iran needed only "24 hours and a reason" to eradicate Israel. Syirazi charged that Israel was "close to destruction," and allegedly trying to attack Iran out of desperation.
Iran's actions, nuclear programs, and threats have been seen by Dr. Gregory Stanton, founder and director of Genocide Watch, has taken 6 of 8 steps on "the road to genocide". Stanton urged the international community to take action against Iran and isolate it, to "curb the intent of genocide." He said that "one of the best predictors of genocide is incitement to genocide... and I believe that's what Iran is doing today." The incident for genocide is a crime under international law. He stressed that it is important not to ignore the "early signs" as "Satanic rhetoric or as a tactic intended to advance different goals," and doing so would "permit the perpetrators." Stanton also said that Iran has classified and symbolized Israel through hate speech and ideology of excommunication, and has belittled Israel by portraying potential victims as "cancer" to be wiped out. In addition, Stanton said that Iran has regulated "fanatical militancy," such as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, while the dire disagreements in Iranian society. He added that by denying the previous genocide, the Holocaust, by working on weapons of mass destruction, and through global terrorism, Iran was preparing for genocide.
In January 2013, Iran warned that any Israeli offensive against Syria would be treated equally with an attack on Iran. After Israel attacked Syria, Iran only stated that Israel would "regret the recent aggression".
In March 2015, the Basij militia commander of Iran's Revolutionary Guard said that "removing Israel from the map is not negotiable."
Israel threatens Iran
In November 2003, a Scottish newspaper claimed that Israel warned that it was prepared to take unilateral military action against Iran if the international community fails to halt the development of nuclear weapons in state atomic energy facilities. It was quoted by then Israeli defense minister Shaul Mofaz as saying, "under no circumstances will Israel be able to tolerate nuclear weapons in Iran's possession." In December 2005, a British newspaper claimed that the Israeli military had been ordered at the time. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon plans a possible strike on Iran's uranium enrichment site in March 2006, based on Israeli intelligence estimates that Iran will be able to build nuclear weapons within two to four years. It was claimed that the command of special forces was in the highest preparedness stage for the attack (state G ) in December of the following year. Ariel Sharon reportedly said, "Israel - and not just Israel - can not accept Iran's nuclear We have the ability to handle this and we make all the necessary preparations to be ready for such situations." Israel Military Chief of Staff Dan Halutz was quoted as responding to questions about how far Israel is prepared to stop Iran's nuclear energy program with the statement "Two thousand kilometers." Seymour Hersh said the US Defense Department civilian led by Douglas Feith has worked with Israeli planners and consultants to develop and improve the potential targets of nuclear, chemical and missile weapons inside Iran.
On May 8, 2006, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Shimon Peres said in an interview with Reuters that "the Iranian president must remember that Iran can also be removed from the map," Army Radio reported. Peres, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, drew very tough criticism from an analyst on Israeli state television, Yoav Limor, for talking about destroying another country. In May 2006, IDF Chief of Staff Dan Halutz stated that Iran's nuclear facilities could be destroyed, hinting at possible plans to do so. In September 2007, Israel reiterated its policy of nuclear capacity development by its potential enemies. Shabtai Shavit, the former head of Mossad, said Iran's atomic facilities could be destroyed within a year, but do not rule out that direction. Isaac Ben-Israel, a former Israeli Air Force general, said the attack could be carried out at any time but only as a last resort. Iran's Shahab-3 missile exercises carried out in early July showed that Israel was within reach.
According to the New York Times, Israel is seeking assistance from the United States for a military offensive against Iran. Israel reportedly requested a bunker-destroyer bomb for an attack on Iran's main nuclear complex and permission to fly over Iraq to reach Iran's main nuclear complex at Natanz. The Bush administration rejected the request. According to the article, White House officials have never definitively determined whether Israel has decided to continue the strike before the United States protests, or whether Prime Minister Ehud Olmert of Israel is trying to push the White House into more decisive action before President Bush leaves. office.
On July 27, 2009, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak in a press conference with Robert Gates, the US Defense Secretary, in Jerusalem, warned Iran that a military offensive against its nuclear facilities was still an option: "We clearly believe that no option should be taken. This is our policy, we mean it We recommend to others to take the same position, but we can not dictate it to anyone. "On the same day, Israeli Ambassador to the United States Gabriela Shalev, during a special session The UN Security Council held to discuss the situation in the Middle East, called Iran "the greatest supporter of terrorism." The Islamic Republic's nuclear program and its support for terrorism pose a threat to the entire Middle East. "
In 2010, Gabi Ashkenazi and Meir Dagan strongly rejected the preparation of Benjamin Netanyahu for a strike against Iran.
On November 5, 2012, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reiterated his willingness to carry out a unilateral attack on Iran's nuclear facilities even without US support. This is contrary to expert judgments that US support is needed in the form of the more recent GBU-31 bunker bombs, which are needed to penetrate some Iranian-backed nuclear facilities such as Fordo's site. Israel currently only has bombs destroyer GBU-28 bunker, which is said to be insufficient. However, with Netanyahu's announcement made on the eve of the 2012 Presidential election, tensions between the two allies tended to increase.
In 2013, retired defense minister Ehud Barak said that it would be very difficult for Israel to operate on its own, that Obama had ordered the Pentagon to prepare a detailed plan for the US attack on Iran.
Netanyahu said in September 2013 that President Hassan Rouhani was trying to acquire nuclear weapons, and that his perception as moderate made him a "wolf in sheep's clothing."
In January 2014, during a plenary session at the 9th World Economic Forum in Davos Switzerland, Israeli President Shimon Peres said in response to a question about the threat of Iran's nuclear program that "Iran is not an enemy", and there is no historical feud between the two countries. In that case he added: "I see no reason to spend so much money on behalf of hatred".
In May 2018, it was revealed that Prime Minister Netanyahu had ordered the Mossad and the military in 2011 to prepare for an attack on Iran within 15 days of receiving the order. According to the head of Mossad Tamir Pardo, Netanyahu stepped down after he and Chief of Staff Benny Gantz questioned Netanyahu's legal rights to give orders without the Cabinet's consent.
Speculation
On May 26, 2006, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov reiterated Moscow's commitment to supply Iran with advanced anti-aircraft missiles. But Lockheed Martin Executive Vice President of F-35 Tom Burbage's Program Integration indicates that once Israel has the F-35, he should not be afraid of the S-300.
In June 2008, Israel conducted a major military drill which American officials speculated might train for a bombing raid on Iran. A senior Pentagon official said one of the goals of the exercise was to send a clear message to the United States and other countries that Israel was prepared to act militarily: "They want us to know they want the Europeans to know, and they want the Iranians know, "said the Pentagon official. "There are many signals that occur at different levels."
The Bush administration did agree to sell thousands of bunker GBU-39 bunker bombers to Israel, but an attack on Natanz would require hundreds of these bombs.
In an interview in 2009, American diplomat John Bolton argued that Iran-Israel relations had deteriorated to a point that may be "wise" for Israel to preemptively attack Iran's nuclear research facility. To destroy the facility, while not a permanent solution to end Iran's nuclear ambitions, he argues, it may delay the progress of Iran's nuclear research long enough so that regime change could happen before nuclear weapons development takes place. He cited as an example of the case of the apartheid government in South Africa, who abandoned their efforts to pursue nuclear weapons after the Mandela government came to power.
In April 2009, Army General David Petraeus said "the Israeli government can finally see itself threatened by the prospect of Iran's nuclear weapons that will take military pretrial action to thwart or delay it." On September 17, 2009, Ze'ev Elkin said that the delivery of S-300 missiles by Russia might push Israel to attack Iran, but in June 2010 Russia voted for UN sanctions to prevent the sale of S-300 missiles.
World oil prices are likely to rise suddenly and dramatically if Israel attacks Iran's nuclear facilities. It is the same, although not at the same level, that oil prices will increase if Iran succeeds in developing nuclear weapons.
Iran has consistently claimed that its nuclear program is purely for civilian purposes, and that it has no intention of using its peaceful nuclear program to develop nuclear weapons. During recent Iranian history, particularly during the Iran-Iraq war, Iran has experienced significant commercial power outages. Iran also continues to claim that it intends to export a portion of the electricity generated by its nuclear reactor to its neighbors as a way to diversify its oil-based economy to a more diversified income stream.
German Defense Minister Thomas de Maiziere said in 2012 that the Israeli offensive would not work.
Iran respond to Israeli threat
Former Iranian foreign minister Manouchehr Mottaki stated that Israel was incapable of carrying out attacks and is still recovering from the 2006 war in Lebanon. Iran's Revolutionary Guards chief Mohammad Ali Jafari said Israel was within range of Iran's missiles and Iran would close the Strait of Hormuz, cutting two-fifths of global oil supplies. Iran has the ability to close the Strait of Hormuz or hinder traffic for a month or more, and US efforts to reopen it can increase conflict.
According to Mohammad Ali Jafari. "If the Israeli military attacks the sovereignty and independence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the state will exercise its right, established under international law which explicitly establishes the right to defend its sovereignty by all legitimate means available to it., If such aggression is impenetrable, The UN will be obliged to ward off such aggression against its sovereign members ".
On February 7, 2010, Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said the Israeli destruction was assured. According to Tehran Times, Khamenei told the Palestinian Islamic Jihad leader Ramadan Abdullah Shallah, "Israel will decline towards decline and fall and God willing its abolition is certain". Khamenei went on to call Israel "a symbol of cruelty, evil, and evil," and said "support for the Zionist regime in the West is ineffective." Former chief of staff of Iranian President Ahmadinejad, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, said that if Israel attacks Iran it will be destroyed within a week.
See also
- Arab-Iran League Relations
- The history of the Jews in Iran
- International Conference for Reviewing the Global Vision of the Holocaust
- Holocaust International Cartoon Competition
- International recognition of Israel
- Iran-Israel proxy conflict
- Iranian Jews in Israel
- Israel-Saudi Arabia relationship
- Persian Jews
- Tehran - Haifa - Tel Aviv
- International Hourglass Festival
References
Further reading
External links
- Iran and Israel at the United States Institute of Peace
- The Iran-Israel Relationship at EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Iranica
- Iran at the Israeli Foreign Ministry
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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