Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama directed by Michael Curtiz based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison's stage drama not produced by Everybody Comes to Rick's . The film stars Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman, and Paul Henreid; it also features Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, and Dooley Wilson. Set during the contemporary World War II, he focused on an American expatriate who must choose between his love for a woman and help him and her husband, a leader of the Czech Resistance, escape from the Casablanca-controlled Vichy city to continue his struggle against the Nazis.
Warner Bros. story editor. Irene Diamond assured producer Hal B. Wallis to purchase the film rights in January 1942. Brother Julius and Philip G. Epstein were originally commissioned to write the manuscript. However, despite resistance in the studio, they went on to work on the Frank Capra series Why We Fight in early 1942. Howard E. Koch was assigned to the scenario until Epstein returned a month later. The subject of photography began on May 25, 1942, ending on 3 August; this film is taken entirely in Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California with the exception of one order at Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys, Los Angeles.
Although Casablanca is an A-list movie with established stars and first-rate writers, no one is involved with the expected production to be anything other than one of hundreds of regular photographs that Hollywood produces on that year. Casablanca were rushed to liberation to take advantage of the publicity of the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier. It had its world premiere on November 26, 1942, in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23, 1943. The film was a solid success if not spectacular in its early run.
Exceeding expectations, Casablanca went on to win an Academy Award for Best Picture, while Curtiz was voted Best Director and Epstein and Koch had the honor to write the Best Adaptation Scenario - and gradually his reputation grew. The main characters, the memorable lines, and the pervading theme song are all icons, and the film is consistently ranked at the top of the list of greatest movies in history.
Video Casablanca (film)
Plot
In December 1941, American expat Rick Blaine had an upscale nightclub and gambling place in Casablanca. "Rick's Cafà © à © AmÃÆ'  © ricain" attracts a wide array of customers, including Vichy French and German officials, refugees desperate to reach a still neutral United States, and those who prey on them. Although Rick claimed to be neutral in every way, he brought weapons to Ethiopia during the war with Italy and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War.
Little villain Ugarte boasted to Rick about "transit letters" obtained by killing two German messengers. The letters allow travelers to travel freely around the European-controlled Europe and to Portugal which is neutral, and invaluable to refugees stranded in Casablanca. Ugarte plans to sell it at the club, and asks Rick to hold them. Before he could meet his contacts, Ugarte was captured by local police under the command of Captain Louis Renault, Previster Vichy who was corrupt and shamelessly corrupt. Ugarte died in custody without revealing that he entrusted the letters to Rick.
Then the reason for the bitterness of Rick - Ilsa Lund's former lover - entered his stance. Seeing Rick's friend and pianist, Sam, Ilsa asked him to play "As Time Goes By." Rick storms, outraged that Sam disobeyed his orders to never do the song, and was stunned to see Ilsa. She was accompanied by her husband, Victor Laszlo, a famous Czech resistance leader. They need letters to escape to America to continue their work. The German Major Strasser has come to Casablanca to see that Laszlo failed.
When Laszlo makes inquiries, Ferrari, the main character of the underworld and Rick's friendly business rivals, expressed his suspicion that Rick had the letters. Personally, Rick refused to sell at any price, telling Laszlo to ask him why. They were disturbed when Strasser led a group of officers in singing "Die Wacht am Rhein" ("The Watch on the Rhine"). Laszlo booked the house band to play "La Marseillaise" . When the band looked at Rick, he nodded his head. Laszlo started singing, alone at first, then the patriotic spirit gripped the crowd and everyone joined in, drowning the Germans. Strasser has Renault closing the club.
Ilsa faces Rick in a quiet cafe. When she refuses to give her letters, she threatens him with a gun, but then confesses that she still loves him. He explained that when they met and fell in love in Paris in 1940, he was sure her husband had been killed trying to escape from the concentration camp. While preparing to escape with Rick from the fall near town to the German army, he learns that Laszlo is alive and hiding. He leaves Rick without explanation for the care of her sick husband. Rick's bitterness vanished. She agrees to help, letting her believe she will stay with him when Laszlo leaves. When Laszlo suddenly shows up, having escaped the police attack at the Resistance meeting, Rick has Carl's waiter spirit Ilsa away. Laszlo, conscious of Rick's love for Ilsa, tried to persuade him to use the letters to bring him to a safe place.
When police caught Laszlo on a small charge, false accusations, Rick persuaded Renault to free him by promising to trap him with a more serious crime: the ownership of the letters. To allay Renault's suspicions, Rick explains that he and Ilsa will leave for America.
When Renault tried to catch Laszlo as arranged, Rick forced him at gunpoint to help escape. At the last minute, Rick makes Ilsa board the plane to Lisbon with Laszlo, telling him that he will regret if he lives - "Maybe not today, maybe not tomorrow, but soon and for the rest of your life." Strasser, who was instructed by Renault, drove alone. Rick shot him when he tried to intervene. When the police arrived, Renault stopped, then ordered them to "arrest the usual suspects." He suggested to Rick that they joined the Free France in Brazzaville. As they walked off into the fog, Rick said, "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship".
Maps Casablanca (film)
Cast
The drama players consist of 16 speaking sections and some additions; the movie script was enlarged into 22 talking sections and hundreds of additions. The cast is mainly international: only three credited actors are born in the United States (Bogart, Dooley Wilson, and Joy Page). Top-billed actors are:
- Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine. Rick is Romart's first truly romantic role.
- Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund. Bergman's official website calls Ilsa "the most famous and long-lasting role". The Hollywood actress's Hollywood debut at Intermezzo was well received, but the subsequent films were not a huge success until Casablanca . Film critic Roger Ebert calls him "radiant", and comments on the chemistry between him and Bogart: "he painted his face with his eyes". Other actresses considered for Ilsa's role include Ann Sheridan, Hedy Lamarr, Luise Rainer and MichÃÆ'¨le Morgan. Producer Hal Wallis obtained the services of Bergman, contracted by David O. Selznick, by lending Olivia de Havilland instead.
- Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo. Henreid, an Austrian actor who had emigrated in 1935, was reluctant to take on the role (it "set [him] as rigid forever", according to Pauline Kael), until he was promised a top billing along with Bogart and Bergman. Henreid did not mix with his fellow actors; he considers Bogart "mediocre actor." Bergman referred to Henreid as "prima donna".
The second charged actor is:
- Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault. Rains is a British actor born in London. He previously worked with Michael Curtiz at The Adventures of Robin Hood. He then plays the villain in Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious , reteaming with Ingrid Bergman.
- Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser. He is a refugee German actor who appeared in the Cabinet. Caligari. He escaped from the Nazis, but often played Nazi role in American films. A major star in German cinema before the Nazi era, he is the highest member of the cast despite the second pay.
- Sydney Greenstreet as Signer Ferrari. Another Englishman, Greenstreet had previously starred with Lorre and Bogart in his film debut at The Maltese Falcon.
- Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte. Born in Austria-Hungary, Lorre escaped from Nazi Germany in 1933 after starring in the first sound film Fritz Lang, M (1931). Greenstreet and Lorre appeared in several films together over the next few years, although they did not share the scene at Casablanca .
Also credited are:
- Curt Bois as a pickpocket. Bois is a German-Jewish actor and refugee. He has one of the longest careers in the film, making his first appearance in 1907 and the last in 1987.
- Leonid Kinskey as Sascha, the Russian bartender is infatuated with Yvonne. He was born into a Jewish family in Russia and immigrated to the United States. He told Aljean Harmetz, author of Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of Casablanca, that he was thrown because he was a friend of Bogart's drinking. He is not the first choice for the role; he replaces Leo Mostovoy, who is considered not funny enough.
- Madeleine Lebeau as Yvonne, Rick's girlfriend soon to be thrown away. The French actress married fellow player Marcel Dalio until their divorce in 1942. He was the last surviving player member at the time of his death on May 1, 2016.
- Joy Page as Annina Brandel, a young Bulgarian refugee. The third is credited American, he is the stepson of Jack L. Warner, head of the studio.
- John Qualen as Berger, contact of Laszlo Resistance. She was born in Canada, but grew up in the United States. He appeared in many John Ford movies.
- S. Z. Sakall (credited as S. K. Sakall) as Carl, the servant. The Jewish-Hungarian actor fled from Germany in 1939. Three of his sisters and nephews later died in a concentration camp.
- Dooley Wilson as Sam. He is one of the few players born in America. A drummer, he must pretend to play the piano. Even after the filming was over, the producer Wallis considered Wilson's voice override for his songs. She initially considered changing the character of being a woman and casting singer Hazel Scott, Lena Horne, or Ella Fitzgerald.
The famous uncredited actors are:
- Marcel Dalio as Emil the bookie. He has been a star in French cinema, appearing on Jean Renoir and La Grande Illusion and La RÃÆ'¨gle du Jeu. After he escaped from the fall of France and went to America, he was reduced to small parts of Hollywood. He has a key role as "Frenchy" in other Bogart movies, To Have and Have Not .
- Helmut Dantine as Jan Brandel, a Bulgarian roulette player married to Annina Brandel. Another Austrian, he spent time in concentration camps after Anschluss, but left Europe after his release.
- Gregory Gaye as a German banker who was denied entry into the casino by Rick. Gaye is a Russian-born actor who went to the United States in 1917 after the Russian Revolution.
- Torben Meyer as Dutch banker runs "the second largest banking house in Amsterdam". Meyer is a Danish actor.
- Corinna Mura as a guitarist who sings "Tango Delle Rose" (or "Tango de la Rosa") while Laszlo consults with Berger, and then accompanies the crowd at "La Marseillaise".
- Frank Puglia as a Moroccan carpet trader.
- And Seymour as Abdul the doorman. He is an American actor who often plays as a villain, including the main one in To Have and Have Not, and one of the secondary in Key Largo, both opposite to Bogart.
- Gerald Oliver Smith as an Englishman whose wallet was stolen. Smith is a British actor.
- Norma Varden as an English woman whose husband her wallet was stolen. She is a famous British character actress.
Much of the emotional impact of the film has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees who are extra or playing a minor role (in addition to leading actors Paul Henreid, Conrad Veidt and Peter Lorre): Louis V. Arco, Trude Berliner, Ilka GrÃÆ'¼nig, Lotte Palfi, Richard Ryen, Ludwig StÃÆ'¶ssel, Hans Twardowski, and Wolfgang Zilzer. A witness to the filming of the "duel of the anthem" series says he saw many actors crying and "realizing that they are all real refugees". Harmetz argues that they "carry a dozen small roles in Casablanca understanding and despair that can not possibly come from Central Casting". They often play Nazi role in war movies, although many are Jewish.
Comedian Jack Benny may have an untested cameo role, as claimed by contemporary newspaper ads and in the press book Casablanca . When asked in his column "The Film of Human Answers", critic Roger Ebert first replied, "It looks just like him, that's all I can say." In the next column, he responds to a follow-up commentator, "I think you're right Jack Benny Fan Club can feel liberated."
Production
The film is based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison who was then not played. Everybody Comes to Rick's . The Warner Bros. story analyst Stephen Karnot, calling it a "sophisticated law", and story editor Irene Diamond, who had discovered a game not produced on the way to New York in 1941, convinced producer Hal Wallis to buy rights in January 1942 for $ 20,000, most anyone in Hollywood ever paid for a game that was not produced. The project changed its name to Casablanca , apparently as a clone of the 1938 hit Algiers . Although the initial filming date was selected for April 10, 1942, the delay led to the commencement of production on 25 May. The filming was completed on August 3, and production costs $ 1,039,000 ($ 75,000 over budget), above average for the time being. Unusually, the film was taken in sequence, mainly because only the first half of the script was ready when the filming began.
The whole picture was taken in the studio, except for the order showing the arrival of Major Strasser, which was filmed in Van Nuys Airport, and a few short clips from the Paris share footage. The road used for recent exterior shooting was built for another film, The Desert Song , and was fixed for a flashback of Paris.
The background of the final scene, which shows the Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior aircraft with personnel running around it, is staged using extra small people and a proportional cardboard aircraft. Fog is used to mask the appearance of an unconvincing model. Nevertheless, Disney's Hollywood Studios amusement park in Orlando, Florida bought Lockheed 12A for the Great Movie Ride appeal, and originally claimed it was a plane actually used in movies.
Film critic Roger Ebert calls Hal Wallis "the ultimate creative force" for his attention to production details (for forcing an indigenous parrot in the Blue Parrot bar).
The difference between Bergman and Bogart height causes some problems. He is two inches (5 cm) taller than Bogart, and claims Curtiz has Bogart standing on a block or sitting on a cushion in their shared scene.
Then, there are plans for further scenes, showing Rick, Renault and French Free troop detachment on board, to combine the Allied invasions of 1942 from North Africa. It proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for filming, and the scene was eventually abandoned after David O. Selznick judged "it would be a big mistake to change the ending of the story."
Write
The original drama was inspired by a trip to Europe made by Murray Burnett and his wife in 1938, where they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were influenced by the anti-Semitism they saw. In the south of France, they went to nightclubs with multinational clients, among them many outcasts and refugees, and Sam's prototype. In The Guardian, Paul Fairclough wrote that Cinema Vox in Tangier "was the largest in Africa when it opened in 1935, with 2,000 seats and a retractable roof." When Tangier was in the Spanish territory, the war bar of the theater it's swayed with spies, refugees, and protectors of the underworld, securing its place in cinematic history as an inspiration for Rick's Cafe in Casablanca. "
The first author assigned to the manuscript was the twin brothers Julius and Philip Epstein who, contrary to the wishes of Warner Brothers, left at the request of Frank Capra in early 1942 to work on the series We Why Fight in Washington, DC While they go, another author, Howard Koch, was assigned; it produces thirty to forty pages. When the Epstein brothers returned after about a month, they were transferred to Casablanca and - contrary to what Koch claimed in two published books - his work was not used. The Epstein and Koch brothers never worked in the same room at the same time during the writing of the manuscript. Koch then commented, "When we started, we did not have a finished script... Ingrid Bergman came up to me and said, 'Which man should I like anymore...?' I said to him, 'I do not know... play both equally.' You see we have no end, so we do not know what will happen! "In the final budget for the film, Epstein is paid $ 30,416, and Koch gets $ 4,200.
In the drama, the character of Ilsa is an American named Lois Meredith; he did not meet Laszlo until after his relationship with Rick in Paris ended. Rick is a lawyer. To make Rick's motivation more trustworthy, Wallis, Curtiz, and screenwriter decided to organize the film before the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The un-territory Casey Robinson helped with three weeks of rewriting, including contributing to a series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa at the cafe. Koch highlights the political and melodramatic elements, and Curtiz seems to have liked the romantic parts, insisting on retaining Paris's flashbacks. Wallis wrote the last line, "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship," after the filming was over. Bogart should be called a month after the end of the filming to dub it.
Despite many authors, this film illustrates what Ebert describes as an "amazingly united and consistent" script. Koch later claimed that it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz that explains this: "Surprisingly, this different approach somehow establishes a relationship, and perhaps it is part of the war between Curtiz and I that gives this film a certain balance. " Julius Epstein will then record scenarios that contain "more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined, but when corn is working, there is nothing better."
The film has some problems with Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration (Hollywood self-censorship agency), who oppose the suggestion that the Captain Renault extorted sexual assistance from his petitioners, and that Rick and Ilsa slept together. Extensive changes are made, with multiple lines deleted or changed. All direct references to sex have been removed; Renault sells visas for sex, and Rick and Ilsa's previous sexual relations are implicitly ellipses rather than explicitly referenced. Also, in the original script, when Sam played "As Time Goes By", Rick commented, "What are you playing?" This line was changed to: "Sam, I told you never to play..." to adjust Breen's objection to an implied swear words.
The script has experienced a large number of writing errors. One of the lines most closely related to the movie - "Play again, Sam" - is not accurate. When Ilsa first enters Cafà © ¨ Americain, she sees Sam and asks him to "Play it once, Sam, for the past." After he pretended not to know, he replied, "Play, Sam. Play 'Over Time'." That night, alone with Sam, Rick said, "You play it for him, you can play it for me," and "If he can stand it, I can! Rick toast to Ilsa, "It sees you, kid", used four times, not written into scenario designs, but has been linked to comments Bogart told Bergman when he taught his poker between shoots. It was voted the fifth most memorable line in the movie at AFI 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute.
Six lines from Casablanca appear in the AFI list, most of the movies ( Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz are tied for a second with three each). The other five are:
- "Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship." - 20
- "Play, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'." - 28th
- "Pungkas the usual suspects." - 32
- "We'll always have Paris." - 43
- "Of all the gin joints in all cities around the world, he came into my house." - 67th
In addition, the line "Ilsa, I'm not good to be noble, but it does not take much to see that the problem of three little guys is not as big as a pea hill in this crazy world" was nominated for the list.
Directions
Wallis's first choice for director was William Wyler, but he was not available, so Wallis turned to his close friend, Michael Curtiz. Curtiz is a Hungarian Jew ÃÆ'  © migrà ©  ©; he came to the United States in 1926, but some of his relatives were refugees from Nazi Europe.
Roger Ebert has commented that in "Casablanca" very few images... very impressive as a shot, "because Curtiz wants images to express the story rather than stand alone. He contributed relatively little to the development of the plot. Casey Robinson says Curtiz "knows nothing about the story... he sees it in the picture, and you give it the story."
Critics Andrew Sarris called the film "the most decisive exception to auteur theory", in which Sarris is the most prominent supporter in the United States. Aljean Harmetz has replied, "almost every photo of Warner Bros. is an exception to auteur theory". Other critics give more credit to Curtiz. Sidney Rosenzweig, in his study of the director's work, sees this film as a typical example of Curtiz's highlight of a moral dilemma.
The second montages unit, such as the opening sequence of refugees and the French invasion, was directed by Don Siegel.
Cinematography
The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson, a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein. Special attention is given to photographing Bergman. He was shot mainly from the desired left side, often with a softened filter and gauze filter to make his eyes shine; the whole effect is designed to make her face look "very sad and gentle and nostalgic". The shadowy bar among the characters and in the background implicitly implies imprisonment, the cross, the symbol of the Free French Forces and the emotional turmoil. Dark film noir and expressionist lighting are used in some scenes, especially towards the end of the image. Rosenzweig believes these shadows and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style, along with the work of the liquid cameras and the use of the environment as a framing device.
Music
The music was written by Max Steiner, famous for his score Gone with the Wind . The song "As Time Goes By" by Herman Hupfeld has become part of the story of the original drama; Steiner wanted to write his own compositions to replace them, but Bergman had cut short his hair for the next role (MarÃÆ'a in
What is especially remembered is the "duel song" between Strasser and Laszlo in Rick's cafe. In the soundtrack, "La Marseillaise" is played by a full orchestra. Initially, the opposite section for this iconic sequence is to be "Horst Wessel Lied", a Nazi national anthem, but this is still under international copyright in non-Allied countries. Instead "Die Wacht am Rhein" is used. "Deutschlandlied", the German national anthem, appeared in the final scene, where he gave way to "La Marseillaise" after Strasser was shot.
Other songs include:
- "It Had Be Be You", music by Isham Jones, lyrics by Gus Kahn
- "Shine", music by Ford Dabney, lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown
- "Avalon", music and lyrics by Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva, and Vincent Rose
- "Perfidia", by Alberto Dominguez
- "The Very Thought of You", by Ray Noble
- "Knock on Wood", music by M. K. Jerome, lyrics by Jack Scholl, the only original song.
The piano featured in the Paris flashback series was sold in New York City on December 14, 2012, at Sotheby's for over $ 600,000 to an unidentified bidder. Sam's piano "played" in Rick's Cafà © à © ricain, put up for auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies at Bonhams in New York in November 2014, sold for $ 3.4 million.
Release
Although the initial release date was anticipated for early 1943, the film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26, 1942, to coincide with the North African Allied invasion and the capture of Casablanca. It went into a general release on January 23, 1943, to take advantage of the Casablanca Conference, a high-level meeting in the city between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The War Information Office prevented the filming of the film to troops in North Africa, believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region.
Reception
Initial response
Casablanca received "consistent good reviews". Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "The WarnersÃ... has a picture that makes the spine tingle and the heart takes a leap." He praised the combination of "sentiment, humor, and pathos with melodrama and intense bristling". Crowther notes the "evil twists and turns of the plot", and praises the quality of the scenario as "the best" and the player's appearance as "all first-order".
The trade paper Variety praised the combination of "movies from good looks, fun stories and neat directions" and "the moods, actions, tensions, comedies and dramas that make Casablanca A-1 entry on the "bo" movie is an extraordinary anti-Axis propaganda, especially since propaganda is strictly a by-product of the main act and contributes to it rather than obstructs. " The review also praised Bergman and Henreid's performance and noted that "Bogart, as expected, is more comfortable as a bitter and cynical joint operator than as a lover, but handles both tasks with exceptional skills."
Some other reviews are less enthusiastic. The New Yorker rated only "pretty good" and said it was "not enough for Across the Pacific , Bogart's last spy".
In the Hollywood Theater with a capacity of 1,500 seats, the film earned $ 255,000 for ten weeks. In an early release in the US, it was a huge but unspectacular box-office success, taking $ 3.7 million, making it the seventh best-selling film of 1943.
According to Warner Bros., the film earned $ 3.398 million domestically and $ 3,461,000 foreign.
Lasting influence
The film is getting popular. Murray Burnett called it "right yesterday, right today, right tomorrow". In 1955, the film has earned $ 6.8 million, making it the third most successful Warrior movie in the world (behind Shine On, Harvest Moon and This Is the Army). On April 21, 1957, the Brattle Theater of Cambridge, Massachusetts, showed the film as part of the old films. It was so popular that it started the tradition of Casablanca screening during the final exam week at Harvard University, which continues today. Other colleges have adopted tradition. Todd Gitlin, a professor of sociology who attended one of these screenings, said that the experience was "acting from my own personal rite". This tradition helps films remain popular while other well-known films of the 1940s have faded from popular memory. In 1977, Casablanca was the most widely aired film on American television.
On the 50th anniversary of this film, Los Angeles Times calls Casablanca ' s great power "purity of Golden Age Hollywoodness [and] lasting skills his tricky dialogue ". Bob Strauss wrote in the newspaper that the film achieved an "almost perfect balance of entertainment" of comedy, romance, and suspense.
According to Roger Ebert, Casablanca is "probably the greatest list of all-time movies than any other single title, including Citizen Kane " because of its wider appeal. Ebert argues that Citizen Kane is generally considered a "bigger" movie, but Casablanca is more beloved. According to him, the film is popular because "the people in it all so good", and it is a "beautiful gem". Ebert said that he had never heard negative reviews from the film, although individual elements could be criticized, citing unrealistic special effects and rigid characters/Laszlo stereotypes. Critics Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca the "best Hollywood movie of all time."
Rick, according to Rudy Behlmer, is "not a hero... not a villain": he does what it takes to get along with the authorities and "cranes to anyone". Other characters, in Behlmer's words, are "not cut and dried" and become their kindness during the movie. Renault began as a collaborator with the Nazis who extorted sexual benefits from refugees and had killed Ugarte. Even Ilsa, the least active of the main characters, is "caught in an emotional struggle" in which the man she loves so much. In the end, however, "everyone sacrificed." Behlmer also emphasized the variations in the picture: "This is a mixture of drama, melodrama, comedy [and] intrigue".
Some reviewers have booked the place. To Pauline Kael, "This movie is far from a great movie, but the film has a romanticism that attracts attention..." Poet and critic Dan Schneider wrote that the work "entertains, and is an interesting part of Americana", but criticizes it as a melodrama "driven by the groove, not by character development.All characters react to what the dictation plot for them; the plot does not flow organically from their persona. " Umberto Eco writes that "with the strictest critical standards... Casablanca is a very mediocre movie." He sees changes in character as inconsistent rather than complex: "This is comic, hotch-potch, low psychological credibility, and with little continuity in its dramatic effect." However, he adds that due to the existence of several archetypes that allow "the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art to discipline it", it is a film that reaches the "Homer depth" as "an admired phenomenon." Casablanca holds a 97% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 77 reviews, with a consensus: "An undeniable masterpiece and perhaps Hollywood's classic statement of love and romance, Casablanca only increases with age, boasting Appearance which sets the careers of Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. "
In the November/December 1982 edition of American Film Chuck Ross claims he repeated the scenario to Casablanca, changing the title back to Everyone Comes to Rick's and the piano player name for Dooley Wilson, and mailed it to 217 agencies. Eighty-five of them read it; of them, thirty-eight refused it straight away, thirty-three generally recognized it (but only eight specifically as Casablanca ), three declared commercially feasible, and one suggested turning it into a novel.
Influence on subsequent works
Many of the next films were drawn on the Casablanca element. Part to Marseille reunited actors Bogart, Rains, Greenstreet, Lorre and Curtiz directors in 1944, and there are similarities between Casablanca and other Bogart movies, To Have and Have Not (1944).
The parody has included the Marx Brothers' A Night in Casablanca (1946), Neil Simon The Cheap Detective (1978), and Out Cold (2001) ). Indirectly, it gives the title for the neo-noir movie 1995 The Usual Suspects . Woody Allen's Play It Again, Sam (1972) adjusts Bogart's character
The film Casablanca is a plot device in the science-fiction film film Overdrawn in Memory Bank (1983), based on the story of John Varley. It's called in dystopian Terry Gilliam this is Brazilian (1985). Warner Bros. produces its own parody in honor of Carrotblanca, the 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon. In Casablanca, novella by Argentine writer Edgar Brau, the protagonist somehow wanders into Rick's Cafà © à © ricain and listen to the strange story narrated by Sam. The 2016 music film La La Land contains some satire to Casablanca in imagery, dialogs, and plots.
Director Robert Zemeckis of Allied (2016), also set in 1942 Casablanca, studied films to capture the elegance of the city.
Interpretation
Casablanca has experienced many readings; Semiotikians account for the popularity of the film by claiming that the inclusion of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film. Umberto Eco writes:
So Casablanca is not just a movie. Many films, an anthology. Created indiscriminately, it may be self-made, if not completely against the will of the writer and the actor, then at least out of their control. And this is the reason it works, regardless of the theory of aesthetics and filmmaking theory. Because in it is revealed with the almost instinctive power of Narrative power in its natural state, without Art intervening in its discipline... When all the archetypes explode without shame, we reach the depths of Homer. Two cliches make us laugh. A hundred cliches moved us. Because we feel vaguely that cliches speak among themselves, and celebrate reunions.
Eco also chose the sacrifice as the theme, "the sacrificial myth goes through the entire film". This is a theme that resonates with wartime audiences assured by the idea that painful sacrifices and going to war can be a romantic movement done for the greater good.
Koch also considered the film as a political allegory. Rick compared with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who risked "the possibility to fight until his own state and generosity forced him to close the casino (partisan politics) and commit - first by financing the Side of Right and then fighting it". This relationship is reinforced by the title of the film, which means "white house".
Harvey Greenberg presents Freudian readings in his book The Movies on Your Mind, in which the offense that prevents Rick from returning to the United States is the Oedipus complex, completed only when Rick begins to identify with Laszlo's father figure and the cause he represents. Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive and the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity, especially in Rick's central character; he quotes the different names each character gives to Rick (Richard, Ricky, Mr. Rick, Herr Rick and the boss) as evidence of the different meanings he has for everyone.
Awards and honors
Due to the November 1942 release, New York Film Critics decided to include the film in the 1942 awards season for best picture. Casablanca lose with Where We Serve . However, the Academy of Art and Science Motion Picture states that since the film was released to the national in early 1943, it will be included in the nomination that year. Casablanca was nominated for eight Academy Awards, and won three.
When Bogart got out of his car at the awards ceremony, "the crowd surged forward, almost overwhelming him and his wife, Mayo Methot.It took 12 police officers to rescue the two, and the red-faced, red-faced Bogart smiled at him. successful 'and' here saw you, boy 'when he was rushed to the theater. "
When the award for Best Picture was announced, producer Hal B. Wallis rose to accept, but head studio Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage "with a big smile and a look of extraordinary satisfaction," Wallis said. remember. "I can not believe it's happening.
Casablanca is my creation, Jack has absolutely nothing to do with that.When the audience is silent, I try to get out of the chairs and into the hall, but the whole Warner family is sitting in my way I have no choice but to sit back again, humiliated and angry... Nearly forty years later, I still have not recovered from the shock. "This incident will cause Wallis to leave Warner Bros. in April.
In 1989, the film was one of the first 25 films chosen to be kept on the National Film Register of the United States considered "culturally, historically, or aesthetically." In 2005, it was named one of the 100 greatest movies of the last 80 years by Time magazine (selected films not rated). The film also ranked 28th on the Empire 'list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time, stating: "Love, honor, sensation, jokes and hit songs is one The event is Bogart and Bergman, entering immortality as the screen lovers reunite just to split up. An indisputable evidence that a great movie is an accident. "The author Robert McKee's scenario argues that scripts are "the greatest scenario of all time". In 2006, the Writers Guild of America, West agreed, voted him the best in his 101 best-case scenario.
The film has been chosen by the American Film Institute for their many important American movie listings:
Home media releases
Casablanca was originally released in Betamax and VHS by Magnetic Video and later by CBS/Fox Video (when United Artists had rights at the time). It was later released on laserdisc in 1991, and on VHS in 1992 - both from MGM/UA Home Entertainment (distributing to Turner Entertainment Co.), which was then distributed by Warner Home Video. It was first released on DVD in 1997 by MGM, containing trailers and featurette manufacture (Warner Home Video republish DVD in 2000). The next two-disc special edition, containing newly restored audio, documentary, and presenting audio and visual presentations, was released in 2003.
An HD DVD was released on November 14, 2006, which contains the same special features as DVD 2003. The reviewers were impressed with the new high-definition transfer of the film.
Blu-ray release with new special features came out on December 2, 2008; this is also available on DVD. Blu-ray was originally only released as an expensive gift set with booklets, luggage tags, and various other types of gift items. It was finally released as a stand-alone Blu-ray in September 2009. On March 27, 2012, Warner released the newly released 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition Blu-ray/DVD combo set. This includes new 4K restorations and new bonus materials.
The sequel and other versions
Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit, the conversation began to produce a sequel. One entitled Brazzaville (in the last scene, Renault recommends fleeing to a French-held city Free) was planned, but never produced. (A newspaper article at the time mentioned that Bogart and Greenstreet "will continue their characterization of the first film, and it seems Geraldine Fitzgerald will have an important role".) Since then, no studio has seriously considered making a sequel or direct remake. FranÃÆ'§ois Truffaut rejected an invitation to recreate the film in 1974, citing the status of his cult among American students as the reason. Efforts to recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings, such as Caboblanco (1980), "retooling in South America from Casablanca ", and Havana (1990) has been poorly received.
Stories from a Casablanca remake or sequel still exist. In 2008, Daily Mail reported that Madonna was pursuing a remake set in modern Iraq. In 2012, both The Daily Telegraph and Entertainment Weekly reported on the effort by Cass Warner, grandson of Harry Warner and friend of the late Howard Koch, to produce a sequel featuring search by Rick Blaine and Ilsa Lund's illegitimate son for the existence of his real father.
The As Time Goes By novel, written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998, was authorized by Warner. The novel takes the place of the movie away, and also tells of Rick's mysterious past in America. This book has little success. David Thomson provides an unofficial sequel to his 1985 novel Suspect .
There are two short television series based on Casablanca , both of which share a title. The first, the Cold War spying program set during today's production, is broadcast on ABC as part of the Warner Bros. wheel series. Presents in an hour-long episode from 1955 to 1956, with Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio, who played Emil bandar in the film, as police chief. The second series, broadcast briefly on NBC in April 1983, starred David Soul as Rick and was canceled after 3 weeks.
There are several radio adaptations of the film. Two of the most famous were the thirty minute adaptations at The Screen Guild Theater on April 26, 1943, starring Bogart, Bergman, and Henreid, and a one hour version at Lux Radio Theater on January 24, 1944, featuring Alan Ladd as Rick, Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa, and John Loder as Victor Laszlo. Two other thirty minute adaptations aired: at Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3, 1943, and at the
Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into Broadway musicals, in 1951 and 1967, but did not make it to the stage. The original drama, Everybody Comes to Rick's , was produced in Newport, Rhode Island, in August 1946, and again in London in April 1991, but to no avail. The film was adapted into a musical by Takarazuka Revue, a Japanese musical theater company, and ran from November 2009 to February 2010.
Colorization
Casablanca was part of the controversy of the 1980s film coloring, when the colored version was aired on the WTBS television network. In 1984, MGM/UA hired Color Systems Technology to color the film for $ 180,000. When Ted Turner of Turner Broadcasting System purchased the MGM/UA movie library two years later, he canceled the request, before contracting American Film Technologies (AFT) in 1988. AFT completed the stamp in two months at a cost of $ 450,000. Turner then reacted to criticism of the coloring, saying, "Casablanca is one of the few films that really should not be colored, I do it because I want to. All I'm trying to do is protect my investment. "
The Library of Congress considers that the color change is very different from the original film that gives Turner Entertainment a new copyright. When the colored film debuted on WTBS, the movie was watched by three million viewers, not making the top ten cable TV shows for a week. Although Jack Matthews of Los Angeles Times calls the product "state of the art", most are filled with negative critical acceptance. It's briefly available in home video. Gary Edgerton, writing for Popular Film Journals & amp; Television criticizes the coloring, "... [Casablanca] in color eventually becomes blander in appearance and, on the whole, much more visually appealing than its predecessor 1942." Bogart's son, Stephen, said, "if you're going to color Casablanca, why not lay a gun on Venus de Milo?"
Anecdotes and inaccuracies
Some rumors and misunderstandings have evolved around the film, one of which is that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick. This came from a press release issued by the studio at the start of the film, but by then the studio had known that he was going to the Army, and he had never been seriously considered. George Raft claims that he has rejected the lead role. The studio notes make it clear that Wallis is committed to Bogart early on.
Another famous story is the actors did not know until the last day of filming how the film ended. The original drama (set completely in the cafe) ended with Rick sending Ilsa and Laszlo to the airport. During scriptwriting, the possibilities discussed about Laszlo being killed in Casablanca, allow Rick and Ilsa to go together, but when Casey Robinson writes to Hal Wallis before the filming begins, the end of the film "is prepared for major changes when Rick sends him away on a plane with Laszlo. at this time, in doing so, he not only broke the love triangle. He forced the girl to live by her idealism, forcing her to continue the work which in these days is more important than the love of two little ones. "It is impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick, because the production code prohibits showing a woman leaving her husband to another man. His concern is not whether Ilsa will go with Laszlo, but how these results can be engineered. The problem was solved when Epstein's brothers, Julius and Philip, were driving on Sunset Boulevard and stopped to turn on the lights at Beverly Glen. At that moment, the identical twins turned and shouted simultaneously, "Gather the usual suspects!" By the time they had crossed the Fairfax and Cahuenga Pass and through the Warner Brothers studio portal in Burbank, in the words of Julius Epstein, "the idea for a farewell scene between the tear-jerked Bergman and suddenly Bogart nobility" has been established and all the final problems have been solved. The confusion was probably caused by Bergman's later statement that he did not know which man he should love. Rewrites did occur during the filming, but Aljean Harmetz's examination of the manuscript has shown that many key scenes are taken after Bergman knows how the movie will end; any confusion, in Roger Ebert's criticisms, "emotional", not "factual".
The film has some logical flaws, most notably the two "transit letters" that allow their carrier to leave the Vichy region of France. According to Ã, audio Ã, , Ugarte says that the letters were signed by (dependent on the listener) both French General Charles de Gaulle or Vichy General Maxime Weygand. English subtitles on DVD are officially read de Gaulle; which the French specify Weygand. Weygand had become Vichy Delegate-General for the North African colonies until November 1941, a month before the film was made. De Gaulle is the head of the Free French government in exile, so a letter signed by him will not benefit. The classic MacGuffin, the letters were created by Joan Alison for the original game and never questioned.
In the same vein, although Laszlo insisted that the Nazis could not catch him, saying, "It is still not occupied by France, any violation of impartiality will reflect the captain of the Renault," Ebert said, "it does not make sense that he can walk freely. He'll be caught in sight. "
In addition, no uniformed German forces were stationed in Casablanca during World War II, and no American or French forces occupied Berlin in 1918.
According to Harmetz, the usual route from Germany, at least to people in the film industry, not through Morocco and Lisbon but through Vienna, Prague, Paris and England. Only the film's technical advisor, Robert Aisner, who traces the road to Morocco is shown in the opening scene of the film.
References
Note
Aliran audio
- Casablanca of Screen Guild Theater: 26 April 1943
- Casablanca of Lux Radio Theater: 24 Januari 1944
- Casablanca by Teater Roman: 19 Desember 1944
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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