Ice Hockey is a contact team sport that is played on ice, usually in an ice rink, where two skater teams use their wands to fire rubber volcanic pieces into their opponents' goal to score points. The sport is known to be fast and physical, with teams usually consisting of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who glide up and down trying to take a chip and score against the opposing team.
Most popular ice hockey in Canada, central and eastern Europe, Nordic countries, Russia and the United States. Ice Hockey is Canada's official national winter sport. In addition, ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Latvia, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, and Switzerland. National Hockey League (NHL) North America is the highest level for the ice hockey men and the world's strongest ice hockey league. Continental Hockey League (KHL) is the highest league in Russia and most of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) is the official body for international ice hockey, with IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Rankings. Around the world, there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries.
In Canada, the United States, Nordic countries, and some other European countries, the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name "ice hockey" is used in places where "hockey" more often refers to field hockey, such as countries in South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, and some European countries including England and Ireland.
Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple sticks and ball games played in England in the 18th and 19th centuries and elsewhere. These games are brought to North America and some similar winter games use informal developed rules, such as "shinny" and "ice polo". Contemporary ice hockey sports are developed in Canada, especially in Montreal, where the first indoor hockey game was played on March 3, 1875. Some of the characteristics of the game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of chips, have been preserved to this day. The amateur ice hockey league began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey dates back to about 1900. The Stanley Cup, a symbol of ice hockey club supremacy, was first given in 1893 to recognize Canadian amateur champions and later became NHL championship trophies. In the early 1900s, Canadian rule was adopted by Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace, IIHF's predecessor and the sport was played for the first time at the Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
In international competitions, the national teams of six countries (the "Big Six") dominate: Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden, and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded at all times in the men's competition at the Olympics, only six medals are not awarded to either of these countries (or two of their precursors, the Soviet Union for Russia, and Czechoslovakia for the Czech Republic). In the annual World Ice Hockey Championship, 177 of 201 medals have been awarded to six countries. Teams outside of "Big Six" have won only five medals in one competition since 1953: The World Cup of Hockey is hosted by the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players Association (NHLPA), unlike the annual Hockey Ice World Championships and quadrennial Olympic tournaments, both run by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The World Cup matches are played under the NHL rules and not from IIHF, and the tournament takes place before the NHL pre-season, allowing all NHL players to be available, unlike the World Championships, which overlap with the NHL's Stanley Cup playoff. The 12 Olympic Women's and Women's IIHF World Championships have been awarded to one of these six countries, and every gold medal in both competitions has been won by the Canadian national team or the United States national team.
Video Ice hockey
History
Name
In England, field hockey has historically been referred to simply as "hockey" and in historical references to field hockey, the name "hockey" first appears. The first mention known spelled as "hockey" is in the book 1773 Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, for the Destined, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education , by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), who chapter XI entitled "New Improvements to Game of Hockey". The 1573 statute of Galway forbids a sport called " 'hokie' - throwing a small ball with a stick or stick". A form of this word was used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current use.
The belief that hockey is mentioned in the 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England is based on the modern translation of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly prohibited the game "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & amp; Canibucam & amp; Gallorum Pugnam ". British historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word "hockey" when he translated the statement in 1720.
According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word "chip" comes from Scottish Gaelic puc or Irish poc (for poking, punching or punching). "... The blow given by the thrower to the ball with his or her cursor or hurley is always called a chip."
Precursors
The stick-and-ball game dates back to pre-Christian times. In Europe, these games include Irish games, Scottish games related to shinty and field hockey versions (including "ball bandy", played in England). IJscolf, a game resembling a colf on an ice-covered surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It is played with a curved wooden bat (called colf or kolf ), wooden or leather balls and two poles (or nearest landmarks), with the aim of hitting the selected point using the least amount stroke. A similar game ( knattleikr ) has been played for a thousand years or more by the Norse, as documented in the Icelandic story. Polo has been referred to as "hockey on horseback". In England, field hockey was developed at the end of the 17th century, and there is evidence that some field hockey games happen on the ice. This "ice hockey" game is sometimes played with "bung" (cork stopper or oak used as a stopper on a barrel). William Pierre Le Cocq states, in a letter written in 1799 in Chesham, England:
I should now explain to you the Hockey game; we have one stick that appears at the end. We got the man. There are two sides one of them knocking one side and the other side in the other direction. If one party makes a man reach the end of the church, he wins.
Engraving 1797 excavated by Swedish sports historian Carl GidÃÆ'Â © n and Patrick Houda shows a person on a roller skate with a cane and a man on the Thames River, probably in December of 1796.
British troops and immigrants to Canada and the United States took their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on ice and winter snow. In 1825, John Franklin wrote "The hockey game played on ice is a morning sport" in Great Bear Lake during one of his Arctic expeditions. A mid-1830s watercolor portrays lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick Archibald Campbell and his family with British soldiers in skate playing stick-on-ice sports. Captain R.G.A. Levinge, a British Army officer in New Brunswick during Campbell, wrote of "ice hockey" at Chippewa Creek (a tributary of the Niagara River) in 1839. In 1843, another British Army officer in Kingston, Ontario wrote, "Starting off this year, it's rising rapidly and it's fun to play hockey on the ice." Article 1859 Boston Evening Gazette refers to the early game of ice hockey in Halifax that year. An 1835 painting by John O'Toole depicts skaters with sticks and bung on a frozen stream in the US state of West Virginia, at that time still part of Virginia.
In the same era, Mi'kmaq, the First Nations at the Canadian Maritimes, also had ball-and-ball games. Canadian oral history describes the traditional stick-and-ball game played by Mi'kmaq, and Silas Tertius Rand (in 1894 Legends of the Micmacs) described the Mi'kmaq ball game known as tooadijik . Rand also explains the game being played (possibly after a European contact) with a hurleys, known as wolchamaadijik . The sticks made by Mi'kmaq are used by the British for their game.
Early nineteenth-century paintings depict shinney (or "shinny"), the standard non-standard hockey form played in Nova Scotia. Many of these early games absorbed physical aggression from the so-called Onondaga dehuntshigwa'es (lacrosse). Shinney is played on the River St. Lawrence in Montreal and Quebec City, and in Kingston, Ontario and Ottawa, Ontario. The number of players is often large. To this day, shinney (derived from "shinty") is Canada's popular term for informal hockey type, either ice or street hockey.
Thomas Chandler Haliburton, in The Attache: Second Series (published 1844) imagines a dialogue, between two novel characters, which mentions playing "rush in a long pond on ice". This has been interpreted by some historians from Windsor, Nova Scotia as a memento of the days when the author was a student at King's College School in the city in 1810 and earlier. Based on Haliburton's quote, a claim is made that modern hockey was created in Windsor, Nova Scotia, by King's College students and may be named after an individual ("Colonel Hockey game"). Others claim that hockey origins come from games played in the Dartmouth and Halifax areas of Nova Scotia. However, several references have been found to glide and shinty being played on the ice long before the earliest references from both Windsor and Dartmouth/Halifax, and the word "hockey" was used to point the stick-and-ball game at least as far back as 1773, is mentioned in the book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, Including New Fashion of Baby Education by Richard Johnson (Pseud Master Michel Angelo), the chapter XI entitled "New Improvements in the Game of Hockey ".
Initial development
While the origin of the game lies elsewhere, Montreal is a center of contemporary ice hockey sport development, and is recognized as the birthplace of organized ice hockey. On March 3, 1875, the first indoor play held was played in Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, including James Creighton and several McGill University students. Instead of balls or balls, the game displays "flat circular wood pieces" (to stay in the arena and to protect the audience). The goal post is 8 feet (2.4 m) apart (today's goal is six feet wide).
In 1876, the game played in Montreal "was conducted under the 'Hockey Association' rule; The Hockey Association is a British field hockey organization. In 1877, The Gazette (Montreal) published a list of seven rules, six of which were largely based on six of the twelve rules of the Hockey Association, with only minor differences (even the word "ball" was kept); one additional rule explains how disputes should be resolved. The McGill University Hockey Club, the first ice hockey club, was founded in 1877 (followed by the Hockey Club of Quebec in 1878 and the Victorias of Montreal in 1881). In 1880, the number of players per side decreased from nine to seven.
The number of teams increased, enough to hold the first "world championship" in ice hockey at the annual Montreal Winter Carnival in 1883. Tim McGill won the tournament and was awarded the "Carnival Cup". The game is divided into thirty minutes. The position is now called: left and right wing, middle, rover, point and dot-cover, and goaltender. In 1886, teams competing in the Winter Carnival organized the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (AHAC), and played a season consisting of "challenges" to the existing champions.
In Europe, it is believed that in 1885 the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed to play the first Hockey Ice Hockey Game against traditional rivals Cambridge at St. Moritz, Switzerland; However, this is not documented. The match was won by Oxford Dark Blues, 6-0; the first team photographs and lists were from 1895. This competition continues, claiming to be the oldest hockey competition in history; Similar claims were made about competition between Queen's University and Royal Military College of Kingston, Ontario. Since 1986, regarded as the 100th anniversary of the competition, teams from two colleges play for the Carr-Harris Cup.
In 1888, Canadian Governor-General Lord Stanley of Preston (whose son and daughter were hockey fans), first attended the Montreal Winter Carnival tournament and was impressed with the game. In 1892, realizing that there was no recognition for the best team in Canada (although a number of leagues had championship trophies), he bought a silver bowl to use as a trophy. The Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup (later known as the Stanley Cup) was first awarded in 1893 to the Montreal Hockey Club, champion of AHAC; it continues to be awarded annually to the National Hockey League championship team. Stanley's son Arthur helped set up the Ontario Hockey Association, and Stanley's daughter Isobel was one of the first women to play ice hockey.
In 1893, there were nearly a hundred teams in Montreal alone; In addition, there are leagues across Canada. Winnipeg hockey players use cricket pads to better protect the foot of the goal; they also introduced a "spoon" shot, or what is now known as a wrist. William Fairbrother, from Ontario, Canada is credited with creating ice hockey nets in the 1890s. The Goal nets became a standard feature of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) in 1900. The left and right defenses began to replace point and cover-point positions at the OHA in 1906.
In the United States, "ice polo", played with a ball rather than a chip, was popular during this period; However, in 1893 Yale University and Johns Hopkins University held their first ice hockey match. American financier Malcolm Greene Chace is credited with being the father of hockey in the United States. In 1892, as an amateur tennis player, Chace visited Niagara Falls, New York for a tennis match, where he met some Canadian hockey players. Soon after, Chace gathers men's teams from Yale, Brown, and Harvard, and toured in Canada as captain of this team. The first college hockey match in the United States was played between Yale University and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. Yale, led by captain Chace, beat Hopkins 2-1. In 1896, the first ice hockey champions in the US were formed. The US Hockey Amateur League was founded in New York City, shortly after the opening of St. Louis's artificial ice. Nicholas Rink.
The five sons of Lord Stanley were instrumental in bringing ice hockey to Europe, defeating the court team (which included Edward VII and George V) at Buckingham Palace in 1895. In 1903, a five-team league had been established. The Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace was founded in 1908 to organize international competitions, and the first European championship was won by Great Britain in 1910. This sport grew further in Europe in 1920, after the ice hockey became Olympic sports. Many bandy players are turning to hockey to compete in the Olympics. Bandy remained popular in the Soviet Union, which just started an ice hockey program in the 1950s. In the mid-20th century, Ligue became the International Ice Hockey Federation.
As the popularity of ice hockey as a spectator sport grew, the previous arena was replaced by a larger arena. Most ice rinks in the starting chamber have been destroyed; Montreal's Victoria Rink, built in 1862, was demolished in 1925. Many older rinks succumb to fires, such as Denman Arena, Arena Dey, Quebec Skating Rink, and Montreal Arena, the danger of building wood construction. The Stannus Street Rink in Windsor, Nova Scotia (built in 1897) may still be the oldest; However, it is no longer used for hockey. The Aberdeen Pavilion (built in 1898) in Ottawa was used for hockey in 1904 and is the oldest existing facility that hosts the Stanley Cup games.
The oldest indoor ice hockey arena still in use today for hockey is the Matthews Arena Boston, built in 1910. It has been extensively modified several times in its history and is used today by Northeastern University for hockey and other sports. It is the home arena of the original professional team of Boston Bruins, who is the oldest team in the United States in the NHL, began playing in the league at Matthews Arena today on December 1, 1924. Madison Square Garden in New York City, built in 1968, is the oldest continue to operate in NHL.
Professional era
Professional hockey has been around since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League was the first to employ professionals. The League joined teams in Michigan and Ontario to form the first full professional league - International Professional Hockey League (IPHL) - in 1904. WPHL and IPHL hired players from Canada; in response, the Canadian league begins to pay players (who play with amateurs). The IPHL, disconnected from the player's largest source, was dissolved in 1907. At the time, several professional hockey leagues operated in Canada (with leagues in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec).
In 1910, the National Hockey Association (NHA) was formed in Montreal. NHA will further refine the rules: dropping the rover position, dividing the game into three 20-minute periods and introducing minor and major penalties. After reorganizing as the National Hockey League in 1917, the league expanded to the United States, starting with the Boston Bruins in 1924.
The professional hockey league was developed later in Europe, but an amateur league that led to the national championship in place. One of the first is the Swiss National League, which was founded in 1916. Currently, professional leagues have been introduced in most countries in Europe. The top European leagues include the Continental Hockey League, the Extraliga Republic, the Finnish Liiga and the Swedish Hockey League.
Maps Ice hockey
Game
While the general characteristics of the game remain the same wherever it is played, the exact rules depend on the particular game code being used. The two most important codes are IIHF and NHL codes. Both codes, and others, are derived from Canada's early ice hockey rule of the 20th century.
Ice Hockey played in hockey rink . During normal play, there are six players per side on the ice anytime, one of which is a goaltender, each of which is in ice skates. The goal of this game is to score goals by firing hard volcanic rubber disks, into the opposing goal, which is placed at the edge of the ice rink. The players use their wands to pass or shoot the puck.
Within certain limits, players can divert pieces with their body parts. Players may not hold the chips in their hands and are forbidden to use their hands to give a chip to their teammates unless they are in a defense zone. Players are also prohibited from kicking a chip into an opponent's goal, though an unintentional diversion of skate is allowed. Players may not deliberately twist the pieces into the net with their hands.
Hockey is an "off-side" game, which means that forward pass is allowed, unlike in rugby. Before the 1930s hockey was a game on the side, which meant that just passing backwards was allowed. The rules support the handling of individual sticks as the primary means of pushing the puck forward. With the advent of offside rules, forward passes turn hockey into real team sports, where individual performance is reduced in relative importance relative to team games, which can now be coordinated across the ice surface compared to mere defenders.
The six players in each team are usually divided into three forward players, two defensemen, and a goaltender. The term skater is commonly used to describe all players who are not goalscorers. The forward position consists of center and two wingers : a left wing and right wing . Forwards often play together as a unit or line , with the same three front players always playing together. The defensemen usually stays together as the pair is generally split between left and right. The left and right sides or defensemen are usually positioned as such, based on the side where they carry their wands. Substitution of all units at once is called line change . The team usually uses an alternate set of frontline and defensive pair when short or on power game . The goaltender stands in a usually blue, semi-circle called crease in the defensive zone keeping the pucks from entering. Substitution is allowed at any time during the game, although during the home play stop the team is allowed to make the final changes. When a player is changed while playing, it's called changing quickly . The new NHL Rules added in the 2005-06 season prevented the team from changing their line after their ice chip.
The boards that surround the ice help keep the pieces in play and they can also be used as a tool to play the pieces. Players are allowed to "bind" opponents to the board as a tool to stop progress. Referees, line judges and the outside side of the goal are "in the game" and do not cause the stoppage of the game when the puck or player is affected (either by bouncing or colliding) into it. Play can be stopped if the goal bounces off its position. Playing often lasts for several minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it starts back with "faceoff". Two players "facing each other" and an official dropped a chip onto the ice, where two players tried to take the chips. The icons (circles) on the ice indicate a location for the faceoff and guide the player's position.
The three main rules in ice hockey that restrict the movement of the chip: "offside", "icing", and the chip will come out of the game. An offside player if he enters his opponent's zone before the chip itself. In many situations, a player may not "snatch the puck", shoot the puck all the way across the center line and the opponent's goal line. The piece is "not played" anytime through the perimeter of the ice rink (to the player bench, above the "glass", or into the protective net on the glass) and the cessation of the game is called by officials using the whistle. It also does not matter if the chip returns to the ice surface of the area because the chip is considered dead after leaving the edge of the arena.
Under the IIHF rules, each team can bring a maximum of 20 players and two goaltenders on their list. The NHL rules limit the total number of players per game to 18, plus two goaltenders. In the NHL, the players are usually divided into four lines three ahead, and into three pairs of defensemen. Sometimes, teams may choose to replace an extra defenseman to go forward. The seventh defenseman can play as a substitute defender, spend the game on the bench, or if the team chooses to play four lines then this seventh defenseman can see the ice time on the fourth row as a forward.
Period and overtime
The professional game consists of three "periods" of twenty minutes, hours just running when a chip is played. The teams change over after each playing period, including overtime. Recreation leagues and league kids often play shorter, generally with three shorter playing periods.
Various procedures are used if a tie occurs. In tournament play, as well as in the NHL playoffs, North America supports sudden death overtime , in which the team continues to play a twenty-minute period until goals are scored. Until the 1999-2000 season regular NHL season season was completed with a period of five-minute singles sudden death with five players (plus goalkeeper) per side, with both teams awarded one point in the standings during the match. With a goal, the winning team will be awarded two points and the losing team does not exist (just as if they lost the rules).
From 1999-2000 to 2003-04, the National Hockey League broke with five minutes of dead sudden death time with each team having four skaters per side (plus goalkeeper) to "unlock" the game. If there is a series, each team will still receive a point in the standings but in terms of victory, the winning team will be awarded two points in the standings and the team losing a point. The idea is to prevent teams from playing for a tie, as before some teams might have preferred a tie and 1 point to risk losing and zero points. The only exception to this rule is if a team chooses to withdraw their goalkeeper in exchange for an additional skater during overtime hours and then scores up (goal "empty goal"), in which case the losing team does not accept points for defeat overtime. Since the 2015-16 season, the only overtime session of sudden death of five minutes involved three skaters on each side. Because the three skaters must always be on ice in the NHL game, the punishment consequences are slightly different from what happened during the game of the rules. If a team is in powerplay when overtime starts, the team will play with more than three skaters (usually four, very rarely five) until the end of a penalty. Any penalty during an extension of time that would result in the team losing skater during the rule even caused the non-penalty team to add skater. After the penalty of the sentenced team ended, the number of skaters on each side adjusted accordingly, with the punished team adding skater in the regulation and the non-penalty team reducing the skater in overtime. This continues until the next stop of the game.
International play and some professional leagues of North America, including NHL (in regular season), now use an identical overtime time of 99-00 - 03-04 followed by a penalty shootout. If the score remains tied after the overtime extension period, the ensuing shoot-out consists of three players from each team who make the penalty kick. After a total of six shots, the team with the most goals was awarded. If the score is still bound, the shoot then progresses to the dead sudden format. Regardless of the number of goals scored during a penalty shootout by one of the teams, the final score recorded will give the team a winner one more goal than the score at the end of the regulation time. In the NHL if the match is decided in extra time or on penalties, the winning team is awarded two points in the standings and the losing team is awarded one point. Bonds no longer occur in NHL.
Overtime mode for NHL playoffs is different from regular season. In the playoffs there is no shoot or bond. If the game is bound after the rule, an additional 20 minutes 5 out of 5 sudden dead overtime will be added. In case of a game tied after overtime, 20 minutes of overtimes will be played up to the team score, which wins the match.
Penalty
In ice hockey, a rule violation causes a stop play in which the game restarts with a blank face. Some violations result in penalties to players or teams. In the simplest case, the offending player is sent to the "penalty box" and their team must play with one fewer players on the ice for the appointed time. Small fines lasted for two minutes, large penalty lasted for five minutes, and small double punishments were two consecutive > penalty duration of two minutes. A single minor penalty can be extended with a further two minutes as it causes injury to the victim. This is usually when the blood is taken during high sticking. Players can also be assessed for personal extended penalties or game expulsion due to errors other than penalties or penalties their team must serve. The team that has been awarded a penalty is said to play "short-handed" while the opposing team is on "power play".
A small two minute punishment is often imposed for smaller offenses such as "stumbling", "elbowing", "rough", "sticking high", "postponing match", "too many players on the ice", "boarding a plane", illegal equipment , "filling" (jumping into an opponent or checking his body after taking more than two steps), "holding", holding a stick (reaching for the opposing stick), "interference", "hooking", "cutting", "kneeing", " unsubstantiated "(arguing with a penalty with referees, very vulgar or inappropriate verbal comments)," butt-ending "(attacking the opponent with a very rare penalty stick)," spear "or" cross-checking ". In the 2005-2006 season, a small penalty is also rated for "diving", in which a player decorates or simulates an offense. More egregious offenses may be subject to a four minute minor minor penalty penalty, especially injuring the victim's players. This penalty ends when time runs out or when another team scores during a power game. In the case of goals scored during the first two minutes of the double-minor, the penalty hour is set to two minutes after the score, effectively ending the first minor penalty. A five-minute penalty is called for special violence cases of some minor offenses resulting in a deliberate injury to the opponent, or when a "minor" penalty results in visible injuries (such as bleeding), and for fighting. The main penalty is always presented in full; they do not end on goals scored by other teams. The big penalties rated for fighting usually counterbalance, which means no short teams and players out of the penalty box on stoppage of play after the end of each penalty. The "boarding" offense (defined as "checking the opponent in such a way as to cause the opponent to be thrown violently on the board") is punished either by small or large penalties on the discretion of the referee, based on the violent conditions of the blow. Small or large penalties for riding are often assessed when players check the opponent from behind and onto the board.
Some types of punishment do not always require an offending team to play a short man. 5 minutes of concurrent punishment simultaneously in the NHL is usually the result of combat. In the case of two players who were judged to be battling five minutes, the two players went through five minutes without their team causing a loss of players (both teams still have full players on the ice). This is different from the two players of the opposing camp getting a small punishment, at the same time or at the intersection, resulting from a more general offense. In this case, the two teams will only have four skating players (not including the goaltender) until one or both penalties end (if one penalty runs out before the other, the opposing team gets a game of strength for the rest of the time); this applies regardless of the pending penalty at this time. However, in the NHL, the team always has at least three skaters on ice. Thus, a ten minute penalty infringement is fully served by a punished player, but his team may immediately replace other players on ice except small or large penalties assessed in conjunction with (a) two-and-ten or five-and-ten ). In this case, the team appoints other players to serve minor or major; both players go into the penalty box, but only the appointed ones can not be replaced, and he is released after the end of two or five minutes, where a ten minute error begins. In addition, game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to cause serious injury to the opponent (at the discretion of the official), or for large penalties for breaking sticks or large repeated penalties. The offending player is removed from the game and must leave the playing surface immediately (he is not sitting in the penalty box); meanwhile, if additional small or large penalties are assessed, the designated player must serve from the penalty segment in the box (similar to "two-and-ten" mentioned above). In some rare cases, a player can receive up to nineteen minutes on penalties for a series of games. It could involve receiving a four minute double minor penalty, quarreling with opposing opponent players, and then accepting game fouls after the fight. In this case, players are expelled and two teammates must undergo a double-minor penalty and a big penalty.
A "penalty shoot" is awarded to players when the illegal actions of other players stop clear scoring chances, most often when the player is on a "breakaway". A penalty shot allows the unobstructed player to take a chip on the central red line and attempt to score in the goalkeeper without any other players on the ice, to offset a previously missed goal scoring opportunity. A penalty penalty was also awarded for the defender aside from the goaltender who covered the chips in the goal fold, a goaltender deliberately displacing his own goal during the breakaway to avoid a goal, a defender intentionally displacing his own post when there is less than two minutes to play in regulation time or anytime during overtime hours, or the player or coach deliberately throws a stick or other item on a chip or sling operator and throwing action interrupts shots or passes the game.
Officials also stopped playing for breaches of chip movements, such as using a person's hand to pass a chip at the offensive end, but no player was convicted for this offense. The only exception is accidentally dropping or collecting pieces to the body, carrying pieces in hand, and shooting puck from playing in someone's defense zone (all punished two minutes due to postponement of the game).
In the NHL, a unique penalty applies to the wicket. The goalkeepers are now forbidden to play pieces in the "corner" of the arena near their own goal. This will result in a two minute penalty against the goalkeeping team. Only in the area in front of the goal line and just behind the goal (marked with two red lines on either side of the goal) goalkeeper can play the chip.
An additional rule that has never been a penalty, but is a violation in the NHL before the recent rule change, is "two rows offside pass". Prior to the 2005-06 NHL season, the game was halted when a pass from within the team's defense zone crossed the center line, with matches held in the offensive zone of the offending team. Now, the center line is no longer used in the NHL to define a two-line violation, a change that has been adopted by IIHF in 1998. Players can now pass onto teammates that are more of a blue line and a distant red ice center.
The NHL has taken steps to speed up the hockey game and create a game of finesse, withdrawing from the past when illegal hits, fights, and "gripping and grabbing" among players is commonplace. Rules are now more strictly enforced, resulting in more penalties, which in turn provide more protection to the players and facilitate more goals being scored. The governing body for amateur hockey the United States has implemented many new rules to reduce the number of incidents in the body, as well as other destructive and illegal aspects of the game ("zero tolerance").
In men's hockey, but not on women, players can use their hips or shoulders to hit other players if the player has a chip or the last one has touched it. The use of hips and shoulders is called "body examination". Not all physical contact is legal - in particular, hits from the back, blows to the head and most of the strong stick-on-body contacts are illegal.
A pending penalty call occurs when a penalty violation is committed by a team that does not have a chip. Under these circumstances teams with possession of the chips are allowed to complete the game; that is, playing on and on until goals are scored, a player on the opposing team gets control of a chip, or a team that has committed a foul or penalty of their own. Because the team in which the penalty is called can not control the puck without stopping the game, it is impossible for them to score. In this case, a team that has a chip can pull the goalkeeper for an extra striker without fear of scoring a goal. However, it is possible for the control team to mis-handle the puck to their own goal. If a pending penalty is marked and the team is in the ownership score, the penalty is still rated by the offending player, but not aired. In 2012, the regulation was changed by the National Association of Athletes of the United States (NCAA) for college level hockey. In college matches, penalties are still upheld even if the team is in ownership scores.
Official
Typical hockey games are organized by two to four officers on the ice, charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are usually two line judges who are primarily responsible for calling offside and icing violations, breaking fights, and doing face offs, and one or two referees who call goals and all other penalties. Linesmen may, however, report to the referee (s) that a penalty should be judged against the offending player in some situations. Restrictions on this practice vary depending on the governing rules. Ice officials are assisted by outsiders who act as goal judges, time guards, and official goalscorers.
The most widespread system used today is the "three-person system," which uses one referee and two linesmen. Another less commonly used system is a two-referee system and a line judge. The system is very close to a regular three-person system except for some procedure changes. With the first being the National Hockey League, a number of leagues have begun implementing a "four-official system," in which additional referees added to assist in penalties are usually difficult to assess by a single referee. The system is now used in every NHL match, at the IIHF World Championships, the Olympics and in many professional and high-level amateur leagues in North America and Europe.
Officials are selected by the league where they work. An amateur hockey league uses the guidelines set by the national governing body as a basis for selecting their management staff. In North America, national hockey organizers Canada and Hockey America approve officials according to their level of experience as well as their ability to bypass knowledge of rules and tests of skating abilities. Canada hockey has officer level I to VI. USA Hockey has inaugurated levels 1 through 4.
Tools
Because men's ice hockey is a full contact sport, body checks are allowed so that injury is a common occurrence. Protective equipment is mandatory and enforceable in all competitive situations. This includes helmets (cages worn when a certain age or clear plastic visors can be worn), shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth protectors, protective gloves, thick-coated shorts (also known as hockey pants) or corsets, athletic trophies (also known as athletes, for men, and jill, for women), shin bearings, roller skates, and (optional) neck protectors.
Goaltenders use different equipment. With hockey pucks approaching them at speeds up to 100 mph (160 km/h) they should wear equipment with more protection. Goaltender wear special goalie shoe (this shoe is built more for side-to-side movement than front and back), athlete or jill, big foot cushion (no size restriction in certain league), blocking gloves, catching gloves, chest protectors, masks goalkeepers, and big shirts. The goiter equipment continues to get bigger and bigger, which causes fewer goals in each game and many changes to official rules.
Hockey shoes are optimized for physical acceleration, speed, and maneuverability. This includes fast start, stop, turn, and skating changes. In addition, they must be rigid and tough to protect the skater's feet from contact with other skaters, sticks, pucks, boards, and ice itself. Stiffness also increases overall skate maneuverability. The length of the blade, the thickness (width), and the curvature (rocker/radius (front to back) and hollow radius (across the width of the blade) are very different from the speed or figure skate.The hockey player usually adjusts these parameters based on their skill level, position, and body type The width of the blade of most skates is about
The hockey stick consists of a long, relatively wide, flat, slightly curved blade, attached to the shaft. The curve itself has a major impact on its performance. The deep curve makes it possible to lift the chips easier while the shallow curves allow for easier backhand shots. Stick flexibility also affects performance. Typically, a less flexible stick is meant for stronger players because players look for a balanced flex that allows the rod to flex easily while still having a strong "whip-back" that sends pieces flying at high speed. It's very different from the sticks in other sports games and is best suited for hitting and controlling flat pieces. Its unique shape contributes to the early development of the game.
Injuries
Ice Hockey is a full contact sport and has a high risk of injury. The player moves at a speed of about 20-30 mph (30-50 km/h) and a little game revolves around physical contact between the players. Skate blades, hockey sticks, shoulders, hips, and hockey all contribute. The types of hockey-related injuries include: lacerations, concussions, contusions, ligament tears, fractures, hyperextension, and muscle strains. Female ice hockey players can have contacts but are not allowed to examine the body.
Compared to athletes who play other sports, ice hockey players have a greater risk for excessive injuries and injuries caused by early sports specialization by teenagers.
Head injuries
According to Hughston Health Alert, "Laseration on the head, scalp, and face is the most common type of injury [in hockey]." Even a shallow cut to the head causes a large loss of blood. Not only ordinary lacerations, "it is estimated that the account of direct trauma to 80% of all injuries." Most of these injuries are caused by player contact, falling and contact with pieces, sticks and sometimes, skate blades. " head injury is checking from behind. Due to the danger of sending checks from behind, many leagues, including the NHL have made this a big penalty and wrong game (called "boarding"). Another type of examination that causes many players-to-player concussions is a head-check that results in the wrong penalty (called "head contact"). Checks to the head can be defined as giving a blow when the recipient's head down and their waist buckled and the attacker targeting the opposing player's head. The most dangerous outcome of a head injury in hockey can be classified as a concussion. Most concussions occur during player-to-player contacts rather than when a player is checked onto a board. Checks to the head have accounted for nearly 50% of concussions experienced by players in the National Hockey League. The concussion suffered by the player may not be reported because there is no clear physical sign if the player does not pass out. It can be dangerous if a player decides to return to play without receiving proper medical care. Studies show that, ice hockey causes 44.3% of all traumatic brain injury among Canadian children. In severe cases, traumatic brain injury can lead to death. The occurrence of deaths from injuries is rare, but occurs too much in various sports.
Tactics
Checking
An important defense tactic is checking - trying to take a chip from an opponent or getting rid of an opponent from the game. Stick checking , sweep checking , and poke checking is the legal use of the stick to get the chip. The neutral zone trap is designed to isolate the chip operator in the neutral zone preventing him from entering the offensive zone. Body examination using a person's shoulder or hip to attack an opponent who has a chip or the last one has touched it (the last person who has touched the piece still legally "owns" it, though the punishment is generally called if he is examined for more than two seconds after the last touch). Often the term check is used to refer to a body check, with actual definitions generally only propagated among game enthusiasts.
Attack tactics
Offensive tactics include improving the team's position on the ice by moving the chip out of one's zone into the opposing zone progressively by getting the first line of your own blue line, then the red line and finally the blue line of the opponent. The NHL rules set for the 2006 season redefine the offside rule to make the two lines pass the law; players can pass a chip from behind the blue line themselves, past the blue line and the center red line, to the player on the side near the opponent's blue line. The attacking tactics are designed to score by shooting. When a player deliberately directs a chip toward the opposing goal, he is called "shoot" the chip.
Deflection is a shot that directs a shot or pass to the goal from another player, allowing the puck to hit the stick and the carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot that shot straight out of the gap, without receiving an operand and firing in two separate actions. Staring at pieces , also known as breaking , is a tactic to quickly move to the farthest player under the ice. Loafing , also known as cherry-picking, is when a player, usually a forward, shoes behind the attack team, rather than playing defense, in an effort to create an easy one. scoring opportunities.
A team that lost by one or two goals in the last few minutes of the game will often choose to draw the goalkeeper ; ie, remove the goaltender and replace him with an extra attacker on the ice in hopes of getting enough profit to score. However, it is an act of despair, because sometimes it causes the opposing team to expand their lead by scoring in an empty goal.
One of the most important strategies for a team is their forecheck . Forechecking is the act of attacking the opposition in their defense zone. Forechecking is an important part of the dump and chase strategy (ie firing the puck into the offensive zone and then chasing it). Each team will use their own unique system but the main ones are: 2-1-2, 1-2-2, and 1-4. 2-1-2 is the most basic forecheck system in which two forward players will go inside and hit the opponent's defense, the third striker remains high and two defensemen remain in the blueline. 1-2-2 is a slightly more conservative system in which one forward squeezes the chips and the other two players close the opponent's wings, with two defensemen living in the blueline. 1-4 is the most defensive forecheck system, referred to as a neutral zone trap, where one advanced will put pressure on the bearer of the chip around the opposition blueline and the other 4 players are essentially standing in line by their blueline in the hope the opposition will slide into the wrong only. Another strategy is a left-wing key, which has two forward-pressure pieces and a left wing and two defensemen live in blueline.
There are many other small tactics used in hockey games. Cycling move the pieces along the board in the offensive zone to create scoring chances by making the defenders tired or moving them out of position. Clamp is when a defenseman presses the opposition's wing in the offensive zone when they break, trying to stop their attack and keep the puck in the offensive zone. The cup mark is the path used when the baton or the opposition body is on a passing path. This is the act of lifting the chips over the obstruction and landing on the team's stick.
A deck, short for "bait", is a hoax with a body or a stick to deceive a defender or goalkeeper. Many modern players, such as Pavel Datsyuk, Sidney Crosby and Patrick Kane, have taken on more luxurious "hanging," skills and require skills to handle harder skills.
Fight
Although fights are officially banned in the rules, this is not an unusual occurrence at the professional level, and its prevalence has been the target of criticism and considerable results for sport. At a professional level in North American fights is not officially sanctioned. Enforcers and other players struggle to lower the morale of opposing players while exciting their own players, as well as completing personal scores. Fights will also break if one of the team's skilled players is hit hard or someone gets hit by what the team feels as a dirty punch. The amateur game punishes fisticuffs harder, as players who receive battle majors are also rated at least a 10-minute error penalty (NCAA and some Junior leagues) or penalty and suspended games (high school and younger, as well as some casual adult leagues). Crowds seem to like fighting in ice hockey and cheering when fighting erupts.
Women Women's ice hock
Ice Hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants rising 400 percent from 1995 to 2005. In 2011, Canada has 85,827 female players, the United States has 65,609, Finland 4,760, Sweden 3,075 and Swiss 1,172. Although there are not many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there are leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women Hockey League (CWHL), Western Women's Hockey League, National Hockey League (NWHL), Mid-Atlantic Hockey League women, European league; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. IIHF hosted the IIHF Women's World Championships in several divisions; championships are held every year, except that the top flight does not play in the Olympic years.
The main difference between women's ice hockey and men is that body checks are not allowed in women's hockey. After the 1990 Women's World Championships, body examinations were eliminated in women's hockey. In the current IIHF women competition, the body check is a small or large penalty, decided upon the discretion of the referee. In addition, players in women's competition are required to wear full face mask masks.
In Canada, to some extent the ringette has served as a female partner for ice hockey, in the sense that traditionally, boys have played hockey while girls have played the ring.
History
Women are known to have played the game in the 19th century. Several games were recorded in the 1890s in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Women from the Lord Stanley family are known to participate in ice hockey games in the open ice arena at Rideau Hall, the residence of the Governor General of Canada.
The game was developed initially without an organizing body. A tournament in 1902 between Montreal and Trois-Rivieres was billed as the first championship tournament. Some tournaments, such as at the Banff Winter Carnival, were held in the early 20th century and many women's teams such as Seattle Vamps and Vancouver Amazons existed. The organization began to flourish in the 1920s, such as the Ontario Women Hockey Association, and later, the Dominion Female Amateur Hockey Association. Starting in the 1960s, the game spread to the university. Today, sport is played from youth through adult leagues, and in North American and international universities. There are two major women's hockey leagues, the National Women's Hockey League with a team in the Northeastern United States which is a professional league and Canada Women's Hockey League with teams in Canada and the United States, semi-professional and developing into a fully professional league.
The first women's world championship tournament, though unofficially, was held in 1987 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This was followed by the first IIHF World Championships in 1990 in Ottawa. The women's ice hockey was added as a medal sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. The United States won gold, Canada won silver and Finland won a bronze medal. The United States won another gold in 2018 at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first professional women's ice hockey player in 1969-70, when Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch. A woman, Manon RhÃÆ'Ã… © aume, has played in the NHL pre-season match as a goal scorer for the Tampa Bay Lightning against St. Louis. Louis Blues. In 2003, Hayley Wickenheiser played with Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish Suomi-sarja league. Some women compete in minor North American leagues, including RhÃÆ'Ã… © aume, goalscorers Kelly Dyer and Erin Whitten and defender Angela Ruggiero.
With an interest in the growth of women's ice hockey, between 2007 and 2010, the number of registered female players worldwide increased from 153,665 to 170,872. Female hockey is on the rise in almost every part of the world and there are teams in North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Latin America.
Women's spotted female Hockey League
There are currently two professional women's hockey clubs based in North America, called Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and National Women's Hockey League (NWHL). CWHL is based in Canada while NWHL is based in the United States.
CWHL
CWHL was founded in 2007 and initially consists of seven teams. By 2018, there are still seven teams, although the team itself has changed. Currently, the league consists of Les Canadiennes de Montreal, Toronto Furies, Calgary Inferno, Markham Thunder, Boston Blades, Kunlun Red Star, and Vanke Rays. Although CWHL is based in Canada, it has three teams playing outside of Canada. Boston Blades are based in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and Kunlun Red Star and Vanke Rays are both based in China.
The NWHL
NWHL was founded in 2015 and is the first North American women's league to pay its players. The league is made up of five teams, despite having four teams for the first three league seasons. On May 15, 2018, NWHL announced that Minnesota Whitecaps will be joining NWHL from the 2018-19 season. The five current teams in the league are Pride Boston, Buffalo Beauts, Connecticut Whales, Metropolitan Riveters, and Minnesota Whitecaps.
League and championship
Most popular leagues
North America
National Hockey League
NHL is by far the best and most desirable ice hockey league in the world. The history of the league began after Canada's National Hockey Association decided to disband in 1917; the result is the creation of the National Hockey League. The League expanded to the United States starting in 1924. In 1967, the NHL doubled in size to 12 teams, performing one of the greatest expansions in the history of professional sports. A few years later, in 1972, a new 12-team league, the World Hockey Association (WHA) was formed and because of the competition going on with the NHL, it led to an increase in player salaries. By 1979, the NHL had grown to 17 teams and joined the WHA. This creates a 21 team league. By 2017, NHL has grown to 31 teams, and after reordering in 2013, these teams are split into two conferences and four divisions.
Little League
The American Hockey League (AHL), sometimes referred to as "The A," is a major development professional league for players who want to enter the NHL. It consists of 30 teams from the United States and Canada, and will grow to 31 teams for the 2018-19 season. It is run as a "farm league" for the NHL, with the majority of AHL players under contract for the NHL team. ECHL (called East Coast Hockey League before the 2003-04 season) is a mid-level minor league in the United States with some players under contract for NHL or AHL teams. Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) is a minor league of developments in the United States without NHL affiliates. Most unregistered players start at ECHL or SPHL.
Competition university
In the United States in particular, college hockey is popular and the best university teams compete in the annual NCAA Ice Hockey Championships. Hockey Association American Collegiate consists of college teams at club level.
junior league
In Canada, the Canadian Hockey League is an umbrella organization composed of three major junior leagues: the Ontario Hockey League, the Western Hockey League, and the Quebec Main Hockey League. It attracts players from Canada, the United States and Europe. In the United States, the United States Hockey League (USHL) is the highest junior league. Players in this league are very amateur, so they can play college hockey if they want to.
Eurasia
Continental Hockey League (KHL)
The Continental Hockey League (KHL) is the largest and most popular ice hockey league in Eurasia. The League is the direct successor of the Russian Super League, which in turn is the successor to the Soviet League, a history that originated from the adoption of Soviet ice hockey in the 1940s. KHL was launched in 2008 with clubs dominated from Russia, but featured teams from other post-Soviet countries. The League expanded beyond the early Soviet countries in the 2011-12 season, with clubs in Croatia and Slovakia. The number of teams has since risen to 28 from eight different countries.
Little League
The second hockey division in Eurasia is the Supreme Hockey League (VHL). The league features 24 teams from Russia and 2 from Kazakhstan. This league is currently being converted to an agricultural league for KHL, similar to the AHL function in relation to NHL. The third division is the Russian Hockey League, which only features teams from Russia. The Asian League, an international ice hockey champion featuring clubs from China, Japan, South Korea, and Far East Russia, is the successor to the Ice Hockey League of Japan.
The junior league
The highest junior league in Eurasia is the Junior Hockey League (MHL). It features 32 teams from post-Soviet countries, especially Russia. The second level to this league is the Junior Hockey League Championship (MHL-B).
Europe
Some countries in Europe have their own top professional senior leagues. Many future KHL and NHL players start or end their professional careers in these leagues. National League A in Switzerland, Swedish Hockey League in Sweden, Liiga in Finland, and Republic of Extraliga in Czech Republic are all very popular in their respective countries.
Champions League Hockey
Starting in the 2014-15 season, Champions League Hockey was launched, a league of first-team teams from several European countries, running parallel to the team's domestic league. The competition is meant to serve as a European ice hockey club championship. Competition is the direct successor to the European Cup and is associated with the 2008-09 tournament of the same name.
More
There are also some annual tournaments for the club, which are held outside the league game. Pre-season tournaments include the European Cup, the Tampere Cup and the Pajulahti Cup. One of the oldest international ice hockey competitions for the club is the Spengler Cup, held annually in Davos, Switzerland, between Christmas and New Year's. It was first awarded in 1923 to the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club. The Memorial Cup, a competition for junior (age 20 and under) clubs is held annually from junior championship teams in Canada and the United States.
International club competitions hosted by IIHF include the Continental Cup, the Victoria Cup and the European Women's Champions Cup. The World Junior Club Cup is an annual junior ice hockey tournament representing each of the top junior leagues.
Competition of national team
Ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924 (and dima
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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